BENTON HARBOR POWER PLANT LIMNOLOGICAL STUDIES
PART XXVI. ENTRAINMENT OF PHYTOPLANKTON AT THE DONALD
C. COOK NUCLEAR PLANT - 1976
RONALD ROSSMANN
LINDA D. DAMASKE
NANCY M. MILLER
Under Contract With
American Electric Power Service Corporation
Indiana & Michigan Electric Company
John C. Ayers, Project Director
Special Report No. 44
Great Lakes Research Division
The University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan
January 1979
PREVIOUS PARTS OF THE REPORT SERIES RELATIVE TO THE
DONALD C. COOK NUCLEAR STATION
Benton Harbor Power Plant Limno logical Studies
Part
I. General studies. J. C. Ayers and J, C. K. Huang. April 1967. 31 pp.
II. Studies of local winds and alongshore currents. J. C. Ayers, A. E.
Strong, C. F. Powers, and R. Rossmann. December 1967. 45 pp.
III. Some effects of power plant waste heat on the ecology of Lake
Michigan. J. R. Krezoski. June 1969. 78 pp.
IV. Cook Plant preoperational studies 1969. J. C. Ayers, R. F. Anderson,
N. W. O'Hara, C. Kidd. March 1970. 92 pp.
V. Winter operations, March 1970. N. W. O'Hara, R. F. Anderson, W. L.
Yocum, J. C. Ayers. April 1970. 17 pp.
VI. Pontoporeia affinis (Crustacea, Amphipoda) as a monitor of radio-
nuclides released to Lake Michigan. C. C. Kidd. 1970. 71 pp.
VII. Cook Plant preoperational studies 1970. J. C. Ayers, D. E. Arnold,
R. F. Anderson, H. K. Soo. March 1971. 72 and 13 pp.
VIII. Winter operations 1970-1971. J. C. Ayers, N. W. O'Hara, W. L. Yocum.
June 1971. 41 pp.
IX. The biological survey of 10 July 1970. J. C. Ayers, W. L. Yocum,
H. K. Soo, T. W. Bottrell, S. C. Mozley, L. C. Garcia. 1971. 72 pp.
X. Cook Plant preoperational studies 1971. J. C. Ayers, H. K. Soo, W. L.
Yocum. August 1972. 140 and 12 pp.
XI. Winter operations 1971-1972. J. C. Ayers, W. L. Yocum. September
1972. 26 pp.
XII. Studies of the fish population near the Donald C. Cook Nuclear Power
Plant, 1972. D. J. Jude, T. W. Bottrell, J. A. Dorr III, T. J.
Miller. March 1973. 115 pp.
XIII. Cook Plant preoperational studies 1972. J. C. Ayers and E. Seibel
(eds.). March 1973. 281 pp.
XIV. Winter operations 1972-1973. J. C. Ayers, W. L. Yocum, E. Seibel.
May 1973. 22 pp.
XV. The biological survey of 12 November 1970. J. C. Ayers, S. C. Mozley,
J. C. Roth. July 1973. 69 pp.
XVI. Psammolittoral investigation 1972. E. Seibel, J C. Roth, J. A.
Stewart, S. L. Williams. July 1973. 63 pp.
in
PREVIOUS REPORTS continued
XVII. Program of aquatic studies related to the Donald C. Cook Nuclear
Plant. J. C. Ayers and E. Seibel (eds.). December 1973. 57 pp.
XVIII. Effect of a thermal discharge on benthos populations: Statistical
methods for assessing the impact of the Cook Nuclear Plant. E. M.
Johnston. December 1973. 20 pp.
XIX. The seasonal biological surveys of 1971 . J. C. Ayers, S. C. Mozley,
J. A. Stewart. December 1974 • 1 81 pp.
XX. Statistical power of a proposed method for detecting the effect of
waste heat on benthos populations. E. M. Johnston. December 1974.
29 PP.
XXI. Bacteria and phytoplankton of the seasonal surveys of 1972 and 1973.
J. C. Ayers. November 1975. 153 pp.
XXII. Underwater operations in southeastern Lake Michigan near the Donald C.
Cook Nuclear Plant during 1974. J. A. Dorr III and T. J. Miller.
December 1975. 32 pp.
XXIII. Phytoplankton of the Seasonal Surveys of 1974 and 1975 and Initial
Pre- vs. Post-Operational Comparisons at Cook nuclear Plant. J. C.
Ayers, N. V. Southwick, and D. G. Robinson. June 1977. 279 pp.
XXIV. Entrainment of phytoplankton at the Donald C. Cook Nuclear Plant -
1975. R. Rossmann, N. M. Miller, and D. G. Robinson. November 1977.
265 pp.
XXV. Phytoplankton of the seasonal surveys of 1976, of September 1970, and
pre- vs. post-operational comparisons at Cook Nuclear Plant. J. C.
Ayers. April 1978. 258 pp.
Seibel, E. and J. C. Ayers (eds.). 1974. The biological, chemical, and
physical character of Lake Michigan in the vicinity of the Donald C.
Cook Nuclear Plant. Special Report No. 51 of the Great Lakes Research
Division, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. 475 pp.
Jude, D. J., F. J. Tesar, J. A. Dorr III, T. J. Miller, P. J. Rago and
D. J. Stewart. 1975. Inshore Lake Michigan fish populations near the
Donald C. Cook Nuclear Power Plant, 1973. Special Report No. 52 of
the Great Lakes Research Division, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor,
Michigan. 267 pp.
Seibel, E., C. T. Carlson and J. W. Maresca, Jr. 1975. Lake and shore
ice conditions on southeastern Lake Michigan in the vicinity of the
Donald C. Cook Nuclear Plant: winter 1973-74. Special Report No. 55
of the Great Lakes Research Division, University of Michigan, Ann
Arbor, Michigan. 62 pp.
IV
PREVIOUS REPORTS continued
Mozley, S. C. 1975. Preoperational investigations of zoobenthos in
southeastern. Lake Michigan near the Cook Nuclear Plant. Special
Report No. 56 of the Great Lakes Research Division, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. 132 pp.
Rossmann, R. 1975. Chemistry of nearshore surficial sediments from
southeastern Lake Michigan. Special Report No. 57 of the Great Lakes
Research Division, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. 62
pp.
Evans, M. S. 1975. The 1975 preoperational zooplankton investigations
relative to the Donald C. Cook Nuclear Power Plant. Special Report
No. 58 of the Great Lakes Research Division, University of Michigan,
Ann Arbor, Michigan. 187 pp.
Ayers, J. C. 1975. The phytoplankton of the Cook Plant monthly minimal
surveys during the preoperational years 1972, 1973 and 1974. Special
Report No. 59 of the Great Lakes Research Division, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. 51 pp.
M. S. Evans, T. E. Wurster, and B. E. Hawkins. 1978. The 1975 and 1976
operational zooplankton investigations relative to the Donald C. Cook
Nuclear Power Plant with preoperational tests (1971-1976) for plant
effects. Special Report No. 64 of the Great Lakes Research Division,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. 192 pp.
CONTENTS
Page
PREVIOUS PARTS OF THE REPORT SERIES RELATIVE
TO THE DONALD C. COOK NUCLEAR PLANT iii
LIST OF FIGURES ix
LIST OF TABLES xi
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xiii
INTRODUCTION . 1
Previous Studies at the Cook Plant 2
SAMPLE HANDLING AND ANALYSIS 3
Phytoplankton 5
Chlorophylls and Phaeophytin a 6
Nutrients 8
CONDITIONS AT TIME OF COLLECTION 8
Temperature 8
Physical 10
Chlorination 10
Nutrients 10
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 12
Phytoplankton 12
Monthly Variations of Entrained Major
Phytoplankton Groups 14
Monthly Variations of Phytoplankton Community
Structure 28
Relative Proportion of Total Algae
that Each Major Group Comprises 28
Occurrences of Dominant and Co-dominant Forms 28
Numbers of Forms, Diversity, and
Redundancy 37
Numbers and Biomass of Phytoplankton Passing
Through the Plant 44
Chlorophylls and Phaeophytin a 44
Percentage of Change Detectable at the
0.05 Level of Significance 46
Grinding Versus Sonification of Samples 49
Time Variation of Samples 52
Assessment of Damage to Phytoplankton 52
Monthly Variation of the Chlorophylls
and Phaeophytin a 82
VII
Page
CONCLUSION 84
LITERATURE CITED 86
NOTE: Appendices are on microfiche cards located inside back cover
APPENDIX 1: Density of Each Major Group of Phytopiankton by Slide- . 89
APPENDIX 2: Density of Phytopiankton Taxa for Each Sample by Slide • 93
Vlll
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Number Page
1 Sampling locations in the Donald C. Cook
Nuclear Plant screenhouse 4
2 Variation of coccoid blue-green algae
numbers during 1976 16
3 Variation of filamentous blue-green algae
numbers during 1976 17
4 Variation of coccoid green algae numbers
during 1976 19
5 Variation of filamentous green algae
numbers during 1976 20
6 Variation of flagallated algae numbers
during 1976 21
7 Variation of centric diatom numbers during
1976 22
8 Variation of pennate diatom numbers during
1976 23
9 Variation of desmid numbers during 1976 25
10 Variation of other algae numbers
during 1976 26
11 Variation of total algae numbers during
1976 27
12 Variation of number of forms of phytoplankton
during 1976 ' 39
13 Variation of phytoplankton diversity
during 1976 40
14 Variation of phytoplankton redundancy
during 1976 . . 41
15 Chlorophyll a concentrations measured in 6 groups
of 3 consecutive samples, formed from a set of 18
samples drawn in succession from the intake forebay
during a 5-minute period. The mean + standard
error is plotted for each group of 3 53
ix
Figure Number
16
Chlorophyll b concentrations measured in
6 groups of 3 consecutive samples, formed
from a set of 18 samples drawn in succession
from the intake forebay during a 5-minute
period. The mean + standard error is
plotted for each group of 3
Page
54
17
Chlorophyll c concentrations measured in
6 groups of 3 consecutive samples, formed
from a set of 18 samples drawn from the
intake forebay during a 5-minute period.
The mean + standard error is plotted for each
group of 3 ,
3D
18
Phaeophytin a concentrations measured in 6
groups of 3 consecutive samples, formed from
a set of 18 samples drawn in succession from
the intake forebay during a 5-minute period.
The mean + standard error is plotted for each
group of 3
56
19
21
22
23
24
Variation of the phaeophytin a to chlorophyll a
ratio during a 5-minute sampling period for 6
groups of 3 consecutive samples, formed from
a set of 18 samples drawn in succession from
the intake forebay. The mean + standard error
is plotted for each group of 3 57
Variation of chlorophyll a concentrations
during 1976 77
Variation of chlorophyll b concentrations
during 1976 78
Variation of chlorophyll a concentrations
during 1976 79
Variation of phaeophytin a concentrations
during 1976 80
Variation of the phaeophytin a/chlorophyll a
ratio during 1976 81
LIST OF TABLES
Table Number Page
1 Intake and discharge entrainment temperatures
at the time of sampling 9
2 Chlorination times on the days of phytoplankton
entrainment 11
3 Monthly variation of nutrients during 1976 13
4 Comparison of phytoplankton major group
percentages for 1975 and 1976 29
5 Occurrence of dominant forms in January 1975
and 1976 30
6 Occurrence of dominant forms in February 1975
and 1976 30
7 Occurrence of dominant forms in March 1975
and 1976 31
8 Occurrence of dominant forms in April 1975
and 1976 . . . ' 31
9 Occurrence of dominant forms in May 1975
and 1976 32
10 Occurrence of dominant forms in June 1975
and 1976 32
11 Occurrence of dominant forms in July 1975
and 1976 33
12 Occurrence of dominant forms in August 1975
and 1976 33
13 Occurrence of dominant forms in September 1975
and 1976 34
14 Occurrence of dominant forms in October 1975
and 1976 34
15 Occurrence of dominant forms in November 1975
and 1976 35
xx
Table Number Page
16 Occurrence of dominant forms in December 1975
and 1976 35
17 Number of forms of phytoplankton for 1975
and 1976 42
18 Diversity of phytoplankton for 1975 and 1976 42
19 Redundancy of phytoplankton for 1975 and 1976 43
20 Phytoplankton entrained by the plant during
1976 45
21 o (least detectable true difference) for
chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b 9 chlorophyll c 9
phaeophytin a, and the phaeophytin a to
chlorophyll a ratio 47
22 Bonification versus grinding for sample
preparation (July 1976) 48
23 Grinding versus sonification for sample
preparation (November 1976) 51
24 Mean chlorophyll a concentrations (milligrams
per cubic meter) with standard errors and
comparison of means using one-way analysis of
variance 58
25 Mean chlorophyll b concentrations (milligrams
per cubic meter) with standard errors and
comparison of means using one-way analysis of
variance 61
26 Mean chlorophyll a concentrations (milligrams
per cubic meter) with standard errors and
comparison of means using one-way analysis of
variance 64
27 Mean phaeophytin a concentrations (milligrams
per cubic meter) with standard errors and
comparison of means using one-way analysis of
variance 67
28 Mean phaeophytin a to chlorophyll a ratio with
standard errors and comparison of means using
one-way analysis of variance 70
XII
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Thanks are extended to Max Anderson, Nancy V, Southwick, Donald G.
Robinson, Sarah H. Kleinschmidt, Susan Wiley, and William L. Yocum for
their help with the collection and laboratory analysis of samples. Thanks
to John C. Ayers, David White, and Eugene F. Stoermer for critical review
of this manuscript.
Xlll
The Donald C. Cook Nuclear Plant is a 2200 Megawatt steam electric
generating station situated on the southeastern shore of Lake Michigan about
18 km south of St. Joseph, Michigan. At full operation, the plant will use
""3 ""i
roughly 6300 m min of lake water in once- through cooling of its condensers.
Waste heat is returned to the lake in cooling water heated to a maximum of
12-13C° above intake temperature for unit #1 and 9-10C° above lake tempera-
ture for unit #2 as stated in the Technical Specifications for the plant.
The plant uses chlorination twice daily for chemical defouling of heat
exchangers and turbine condensers. At the time of sampling, only unit #1
~3 "1
of the plant was operating. It uses roughly 2700 m min of lake water for
once-through cooling.
The Environmental Technical Specifications of the plant require an
assessment of phytoplankton abundance, viability, and species composition
to be made on a monthly basis on samples collected in the early morning, at
mid-day, and in late evening.
INTRODUCTION
Past studies have shown that phytoplankton may suffer inhibition or
even death due to entrainment and condenser passage. In addition, changes in
community structure have been noted. Various authors have concluded that
temperature rises which can be tolerated range from 8C° to 11C°. The actual
delta-T permissible is related to the intake water temperature. The lower
the intake water temperature the greater the tolerable temperature rise. If
chlorination is also taking place, the phytoplankton may be killed outright or
suffer varying degrees of inhibition.
1
At elevated temperatures, communities have been observed to exhibit de-
creased diversity promoted by a shift from a diatom dominated community to
one dominated by either green algae or blue-green algae in heated waters.
Finally, some evidence exists which suggests that the phytoplankton may
be mildly stimulated by mechanical pumping (Gurtz and Weiss 1972).
Previous Studies at the Cook Plant
In response to the above possible alterations of the phytoplankton
community in the vicinity of the Plant, two major studies have been initiated.
The first began in 1968. It is directed at determining the long-term effect
of the plant on the phytoplankton. This study includes the counting and
identification of phytoplankton species at both plant- influenced and non-
influenced stations. These data have been used to establish pre-operational
phytoplankton trends and variations in the lake against which operational
data can be compared. The results of these studies have been reported by
Ayers et al. (1970), Ayers et at. (1971), Ayers et at. (1972), Ayers
and Seibel (1973), Ayers et at. (1974), Ayers and Kopczynska (1974),
Ayers (1975a), Ayers (1975b), Ayers et at. (1977), and Ayers (1978).
The second study is being used to ascertain the immediate effect of the
plant on the entrained phytoplankton. It will also be used to monitor
long-term changes in the phytoplankton. Results of this continuing study
for the year 1976 are presented here. The monitoring results for 197 5 are
found in Rossmann et at* (1977).
SAMPLE HANDLING AND ANALYSIS
Studies pertaining to entrained phytoplankton at the Donald C. Cook
Nuclear Power Plant unit #1 began in February 1975 and continue at present.
Investigation of plant impact on phytoplankton viability, abundance, and
species composition has been made in accordance with the Environmental
Technical Specifications for the plant. Sampling was conducted on a monthly
basis with three approximately one-half hour sampling periods in a 24 hour
span: after evening twilight, before morning twilight, and at noon,
respectively. During each sampling period, ten samples were collected, five
from the intake forebay and five from the discharge forebay (Figure 1) . Of
each five, two samples were preserved for microscopic investigation of
abundance and species composition, and the remaining three were used for spectro-
photometry determination of chlorophylls a 3 b 3 and c and phaeophytin a with
subsequent calculation for the phaeophytin a/ chlorophyll a ratio as an
indicator of phytoplankton viability. During the first sampling period,
three additional samples were collected from both the intake and discharge
forebays. These six samples were incubated at the intake temperature for
approximately 36 hours and then treated in the same manner as non- incubated
samples for analysis of the chlorophylls and phaeophytin a.
Throughout 1976, samples were collected at intake grate MTR 1-5 from a
depth of 5.5 m. A study horizontal and vertical phytoplankton concentra-
tions in the intake forebay has confirmed our choice of MTR 1-5 at a depth
of 5.5 m as a representative sampling point (Rossmann et al. 1977).
Water was collected through hoses at a rate of roughly 227 1/min by
diaphragm pumps. As the water was pumped, the intake and discharge water
E
Ui 41
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temperatures were measured and samples were collected in one liter polyethylene
6 -1
bottles. Since unit #1 uses 2.7 x 10 1 min ^ for cooling, the samples
collected during a one-half hour sampling time represent approximately
— f)
4 x 10 % of the water passing through the plant for the chlorophylls and
—6
2 x 10 % of the water passing through the plant for the microscopic phyto-
plankton analysis.
Phytoplankton
Phytoplankton samples were collected from both the intake and discharge
forebays (Figure 1). They were, for the most part, collected in duplicate
in twice rinsed one liter brown polyethylene bottles and fixed with 6 ml of
Lugols 1 iodine-potassium iodide-glacial acetic acid solution. Slide prepara-
tion was similar to the settle-freeze method of Sanford et at. (1969). One
liter samples were settled in graduated cylinders for two days, after which
time 900 ml of supernatant was siphoned off. The remaining 100 ml was then
agitated to resuspend the settled matter and 18 ml poured into a cylindrical
plexiglass settling chamber with a microscope slide at its base. Various
dilutions were used to facilitate enumeration and identification when there
were high concentrations of suspended material. The chambers were secured to
the slides with a minimal amount of stopcock grease on their ends, and the
cylinder-slide combinations were held by clamps onto a quarter inch thick
aliminum plate. Freezing of the bottom 1.5 ml was accomplished by placing the
entire apparatus on a block of dry ice for approximately 85 seconds. The
supernatant was poured off and when the ice at the bottom of the chamber had
melted sufficiently, the chamber was removed from the slide and the slide with
its thin wafer of ice and water was dehydrated in an anhydrous alcohol chamber
for two days. This was followed by two days in a toluene chamber to prepare
the sample for permanent mounting under a cover slip in Permount.
All counting was done on a Leitz Ortholux microscope at 1250X with a
stage micrometer calibrated field width of 90 urn. Identification of specimens
was carried to species and variety when possible. Enumeration was all in
cells per milliliter except for blue-green filaments with cylindrical trichomes
which were in filaments per milliliter. Two complete transects were made
on each slide, one horizontal and one vertical, to help offset any patchiness
that could occur in distribution. A minimum of 500 cells was counted for
each slide to insure reasonable group percentages, more transects and/or higher
counts being necessary if a fairly large number of proportion of the cells were
in colonial formations.
Chlorophylls and Phaeophytin a
The samples selected for incubation were immediately placed in an incubator
with the bottle caps removed and allowed to incubate for 36 hours at the
intake temperature. Following this they were filtered and treated in the same
manner as the non- incubated samples, a modification of the method described by
Strickland and Parsons (1972). Each water sample was passed through a 4.25 cm
diameter Whatman GF/C glass fiber filter positioned in a 250 ml Millipore
filtering apparatus with plastic-tipped forceps. After most of the water had
passed into the filtering flask, 1 ml of saturated MgC0 3 was added (1 g MgCO^
4H 0/100 g distilled water). The filters were rolled up with the forceps and
placed in 12 ml screw cap centrifuge tubes whose caps were teflon lined.
Following this, 10 ml of 90% acetone was added using a tilting repipet and
the samples were refrigerated. The 90% acetone was prepared by swirling
reagent grade acetone with anhydrous Na ? CO and passing it through a Whatman
#4 filter containing some additional Na^CO^. The acetone was filtered a
second time into a volumetric flask containing the appropriate amount of
distilled water for a 90% solution (v/v) . 500 to 1000 ml portions were made
fresh for each month's sampling.
After sampling was completed the extracts were packed on ice in a styrofoam
chest and returned to the laboratory. Upon arrival they were inverted three
times and then sonified by placing the tubes, six at a time, in a large
beaker of crushed ice and water and sonifying at 70% power (Bransolik III
sonifier) for 45 seconds. The samples were then allowed to further extract
for at least another 15 hours under refrigeration. The tubes with the extracts
were again shaken to break up the filters somewhat and then placed in ice
water in 22 x 130 mm conical centrifuge tubes. The samples were centrifuged
for two minutes at 2100 rpm, to separate the extract from filter fibers and
MgCO . The extract was then decanted into clean tubes using disposable
pipets and recentrifuged under the same conditions. This second centrif ugation
was performed to minimize the problem of filter fibers interfering with the
spectrophotometer measurements. Samples were then returned to the refrigerator
and taken out individually to warm to room temperature in a small, light-
tight centrifuge prior to analysis.
A Beckman model DU spectrophotometer was used for all chlorophyll analyses.
Wavelength calibration was made using holmium oxide glass at 453.4 nm. A set
of four 10 cm silica cuvettes (5 ml volume) was used for the analyses. Percent
transmittance of the extracts relative to 90% acetone was measured at 665, 645,
630, and 750 run. Four drops (0.1 ml) of 30% HC1 were added to the sample in
the cuvette with thorough mixing, and percent transmit tance was again measured
at 665 and 750 nm after four minutes. Data were converted to absorbances and
quantities of the various species were calculated using the Strickland and
Parsons (1972) equations for chlorophylls h and c and the Lorenzen equations
(Strickland and Parsons 1972) for chlorophyll a and phaeophytin a. Results
were expressed as milligrams per cubic meter for each species.
Nutrients
All samples for orthophosphate, dissolved silica, nitrate, and nitrite
analysis were filtered through 0.45 urn pore size membrane filters immediately
after collection. Orthophosphate was complexed as phosphomolybdate and
extracted into isobutanol using the methodology described by Sutherland
et at. (1966). Dissolved silica was reacted with ammonium molybdate in an
acid medium following the methodology of Sutherland et al. (1966). Analysis
for nitrate and nitrite followed the methodology of Strickland and Parsons ,
(1972). By this method, samples for nitrite analysis were measured after
reaction with. sulfanilamide and N(l- napthyl) ethylene diamine dihydrochloride,
Samples for nitrate analysis were first passed through a cadmium column to
reduce the nitrate to nitrite. These were then treated in the same manner as
the nitrite samples.
CONDITIONS AT TIME OF COLLECTION
Temperature
Water temperatures at time of sample collection are presented in Table 1.
TABLE 1. Entrainment temperatures for 1976.
Date
Time
Intake, °C
Time
Discharge, °C
January 13, 197 6
14
14
-1915
0608-0616
1220-1232
2.1
1.8
2.8
-1930
0622-0628
1235-1242
13.0
13.0
13.7
February 10, 1976
11
11
2000-2011
0600-0610
1220-1235
2.0
1.9
1.8
2014-2023
0615-0620
1222-1230
14.1
14.3
2.2
March 9, 1976
10
10
2030-2045
0505-0515
1218-1223
4.3
3.8
3.5
2048-2100
0518-0523
1225-1228
13.1
15.0
15.0
April 5, 1976
6
6
2101-2109
0600-0605
1215-1220
8.2
7.1
7.0
2113-2120
0605-0630
1206
18.5
17.1
17.5
May 10, 1976
11
11
2120-2133
0345
1115
12.1
12.0
12.8
2130
0330
1105
17.9
19.9
21.3
June 14, 1976
15
15
2315
0340-0345
1120-1130
20.4
20.0
20.0
2240
0330-0335
1131-1136
31.1
31.0
30.9
July 12, 1976
13
13
2250-2255
0340
1220-1230
16.0
14.5
15.1
2255
0348
1230
24.0
26.2
23.2
August 9, 1976
10
10
2150
0405-0415
1230-1235
21.0
20.5
21.0
2135
0350-0400
1210-1220
32.5
32.0
32.1
September 22, 1976
23
23
2130-2138
0555-0604
1155-1210
19.0
18.3
18.9
2142-2150
0607
1143-1149
29.1
28.8
29.2
October 11, 1976
12
12
1930-1945
0524-0529
1226-1232
16.0
15.1
15.3
1940-1945
0530-0535
1217-1222
26.2
26.0
26.0
November 3, 1976
9
9
1845-1850
0800-0805
1317-1325
7.4
6.9
6.7
1855-1900
0807-0812
1310-1315
18.0
16.8
16.9
December 15, 1976
16
16
1920-1925
0735-0740
1320-1330
5.8
3.0
3.0
1912-1917
0725-0730
1310
15.0
13.0
13.1
In addition, this table contains dates and times of collection. In 1976,
Lake Michigan in the vicinity of the D. C. Cook Plant began to stratify in
May. The lake returned to isothermal conditions during the fall overturn in
late October. Deicing of the plant T s intakes by recirculating heated water
out through the center intake pipe began in January and ended in March.
Physical
Throughout 1976 several other physical events occurred which can affect
phytoplankton abundances and community composition. These were upwellings
and storms, occurring during the period of thermal stratification. Known
storms at the time of our sampling occurred on May 11, June 16, October 12, and
November 9 through 12. Upwellings were observed June 19 through 22, June 30
through July 1, July 12 through 14, July 31 through August 3, September 2
through 3, and September 9 through 10. Each upwelling transported a new
water mass with its intrained phytoplankton and higher nutrient concentrations
to the nearshore region. Each storm mixed the epilimnion and may have entrained
some of the hypolimnion. This gives rise to a new mixed phytoplankton
population and higher nutrient concentrations.
Chlorination
Chlorination occurs twice daily at the Cook Plant. In each case, the
period of chlorination is one-half hour. Table 2 is a compilation of the
chlorination times for those days the plant was operating in 1976. At no
time did our normal sampling coincide with the chlorination times.
Nutrients
- The monthly variation of nutrient concentrations reflects spring runoff,
storm activity, upwellings, and nutrient uptake by phytoplankton. During 197 6,
10
TABLE 2. Chlorination times on the days of
phytoplankton entrainment .
Date
Time, EST
January
13
14
February
10
11
March 9
10
April 5
6
May 10
11
June 14
15
July 12
13
August 9
10
September 22
23
October
11
12
November
8
9
December
15
16
1000, 2200
1000
1000,2200
1000,2200
0700, 1900
0700, 1900
0700, 1900
0700, 1900
1900
0700
1000, 2200
1000, 2200
1000, 2200
1000, 2200
11
the nutrients measured the entire year were orthophosphate and dissolved
silica. Nitrate was measured during September through December, Table 3
contains results of these measurements. Both orthophosphate and dissolved
silica were high during January through March reflecting spring runoff. In
April, decreases in both occured during increased phytoplankton uptake,
primarily by diatoms. During May, storm activity gave rise to an increase in
orthophosphate. In July, August, and September upwellings continued to con-
tribute to increased orthophosphate and dissolved silica concentrations. In
October through December, storms and a return to isothermal conditions provided
some nutrients. It appears that nutrient regeneration in the hypolimnion occured
only during periods of most intense thermal stratification. Nutrient concen-
trations increased in the hypolimnion during quiescent periods and were re-
leased to the epilimnion as pulses during upwellings or strong storm occurrences.
Thus in September, a strong pulse of both nutrients to the system was noted.
Nitrate utilized by algae decreased during September and October.
With cessation of thermal stratification, nitrate concentration increased
in December. Thus, as phytoplankton data are interpreted, the monthly
availability of nutrients must be also considered.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Phytoplankton
Each of the conditions discussed in the previous section can have an
impact upon the abundances and community structure of the phytoplankton. When
they are believed to be important to the interpretation of observed variations
TABLE 3. Monthly variation of nutrients during 1976,
Month
Orthoptic
ppb
M 1
Dsphate
P
Dissolved Silica
ppm Si02
Nitrate
ppm NO 3
SE 2
M 1
SE 2
M 1
SE 2
January-
2.88
0.200
1.23
0.0361
February
1.62
0.0869
0.949
0.0926
March
1.22
0.0578
1.21
0.0200
April
0.701
0.0478
0.849
0.0
May
2.06
0.0742
0.246
0.00400
June
0.809
0.0424
0.0495
0.0140
July
1.89
0.234
0.918
0.0176
August
2.36
0.722
0.745
0.0312
0.
.994
0.0492
September
1.53
0.368
1.03
0.0577
0.
.628
0.0174
October
0.908
0.0
0.845
0.0377
0.
.717
0.0144
November
1.41
0.179
0.615
0.108
0.
.855
0.0307
December
0.869
0.0610
0.428
0.0153
1
.07
0.0645
mean
"standard error
13
in the phytoplankton community, further discussion will be necessary. The
complete compiled results of the 1976 entrainment phytoplankton microscopic
counts are contained in Appendices 1 and 2. For the ease of the reader,
these data have been tabulated in several ways to provide: 1) an overview
of monthly variations of major groups of phytoplankton, of taxonomic dominance,
and of community structure and 2) a comparison of these results with those
of 1975.
Monthly Variations of Entrained Major Phytoplankton Groups
The number of phytoplankton in a particular major group goes through a
predictable succession throughout a calendar year. The major groups considered
are coccoid blue-green algae, filamentous blue-green algae, flagellates,
centric diatoms, pennate diatoms, desmids, other algae, and total algae. The
succession of diatoms, blue-green algae, green algae, and flagellates is of
importance. Diatom concentrations are relatively high from January through
their peak spring concentrations in April or May. After thermal stratification,
usually in May, dissolved silica becomes depleted, water temperature rises, and
diatom numbers decrease. These low concentrations continue until October or
November when decreasing water temperature and mixing processes return the
lake to an isothermal condition. Concomittant with the decrease in temperature
is an increase in dissolved silica, other nutrients, and diatom concentrations.
Diatoms reach peak winter concentrations during December through January.
Green algae concentrations are low during January through May or June.
14
They reach peak concentrations during the warm water months of May through
September. Concentrations decline during October through December.
Blue-green algae are low in abundance during January through April
or July. Numbers are highest during June through October when water temperatures
are relatively high. Numbers decrease in November and December with decreased
water temperature.
Flagellates are relatively low in concentration during January through
March or April. Highest concentrations are reached in April or May with
relatively high concentrations continuing through December.
These idealized successions are seldom found to completely match those
found in a near shore region of Lake Michigan where lake warm-up can vary
in time or degree from year to year, large storms mix the near shore zone, and
upwellings occur. In addition, thermal effluents from power generation
plants may alter or offset the "normal" succession.
Coccoid blue-green algae had high concentrations in January and de-
creased through July (Figure 2). Numbers were consistently high in August
through December. This was different from what was observed in 1975. In
1975, the months May, July, September, and October had the highest counts and
the concentrations varied greatly from month to month (Rossmann et ah. 1977).
In general concentrations were lower in 1976 than 1975.
With the exception of May, filamentous blue-green algae had consistently
low concentrations in 1976 (Figure 3). This was somewhat similar to the 1975
results. In 1975, this peak concentration was reached in June rather than
May (Rossmann et at. 1977). Concentrations in 1976 were similar to those of
1975.
15
o
o
COCCOID BLUE-GREEN flLGRE
MEANS AND STANDARD ERRORS
MAY JUN
DEC
1976
FIG. 2. Variation of coccoid blue-green algae numbers during 1976
16
o
o
FILAMENTOUS BLUE-GREEN RLGAE
MEflNS AND STANOARD ERRORS
JflN FEB MflR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
1976
FIG. 3. Variation of filamentous blue-green algae numbers during 1976.
17
The 1976 coccoid green algae concentrations were low throughout the
months of January through June (Figure 4). Peak numbers occured in July
through September with slightly elevated concentrations in October through
December. The 1975 results were similar with the exception that peak
numbers occurred only in July with slightly elevated concentrations in August
through December (Rossmann et. al. 1977). Concentrations were similar for
the two years.
Filamentous green algae had relatively high concentrations in January
and in May through July in 1976 (Figure 5). In 1975, relatively high concen-
trations occurred in March and June (Rossmann et al. 1977). Concentrations
were about the same for 1975 and 1976.
During 197 6, flagellates reached a peak concentration in May (Figure 6).
Concentrations were consistently near 500-600 cells /ml in June through
December. In 1975, no distinct peak concentration was observed; instead
concentrations were 800 cells/ml in April and consistently decreased to
400 cells/ml in December (Rossmann et al. 1977). With the exception the
peak concentration in May of 1976, concentrations of flagellates were similar
in 1975 and 1976.
In 1976, centric diatom concentrations peaked in July (Figure 7). This
peak was coincident with an upwelling event. Minor peak concentrations appeared
in January and perhaps May. In 1975, the peak concentration occurred in
April with a minor peak in December (Rossmann et al. 1977). Concentrations
during these two years were quite similar.
Like the centric diatoms and for the same reason, pennate diatoms
reached maximum abundance in July (Figure 8). Minor peaks occurred in
18-
o
o
•
o
o
CO
COCCOID GREEN ALGAE
MEflNS flNO STflNDflRD ERRORS
JflN FEB Hflfi APR MflY JUN JUL RUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
1976
FIG. 4. Variation of coccoid green algae numbers during 1976.
19
FILAMENTOUS GREEN ALGflE
MEANS AND STANDARO ERRORS
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV
1976
FIG. 5. Variation of filamentous green algae numbers during 1976.
DEC
20
o
o
•
o
o
CD-
O
O
o
o
O
O
o
o
CM
erg
UJo>
o
o
o
o
CO
o
o
o
o
CO
o
o
FLAGELLATES
MEflNS AND STANDARD ERRORS
■+■
+
■+■
+
+
■+■
4-
-+■
+
H
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
1976
FIG. 6. Variation of flagellate numbers during 1976.
21
o
o
•
o
o
io«
o
o
•
o
CO
o
o
•
o
o
o
CO
■o
■o
CENTRIC DIATOMS
MEflNS AND STANDARD ERRORS
OCcQ
LUcj
CD
.o
o
o
o
in
o
o
9
O
r»
o
o
■+■
+
+
+
+
■4-
4-
■+■
+■
■+■
+
-\
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
1976
FIG. 7. Variation of centric diatom numbers during 1976.
.22
PENNflTE DIATOMS
O
O
•
o
o
in.
CO
o
o
•
o
o
o.
CO
o
o
«
o
o
to-
C\J
o
o
o
1°
— lo
\
en
en .
UJo
2:0
ZD°
o
o
•
o
o
O
O
«
o
o
in
o
o
MEfiNS AND STANDARD ERRORS
+
■+■
+
+
■+■
+
■4-
+
H
1 h-
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
1976
FIG. 8. Variation of pennate diatom numbers during 1976.
23
January, April, September, and December. In 1975, peak abundance occurred in
May with a minor peak in February (Rossmann et at. 1977). In general,
concentrations were higher in 1976 than 1975.
Desmids were consistently low throughout 1976 (Figure 9). Peak concentra-
tion was reached in May. In 1975, peak concentration was also reached in
May (Rossmann et at. 1977). Concentrations were similar in 1976 and 1975.
All other algae reached peaked abundances in September with a secondary
peak in July (Figure 10). This was very similar to the 1975 monthly abundances,
with the exception that in 1975 there was no distinct peak abundance (Rossmann
et at. 1977). Concentrations in 1976 were somewhat higher than those of 1975.
Total numbers of all algae reach a peak concentration in July coincident
with an upwelling event (Figure 11) . Secondary concentration peaks were
evident for the months of January, May and September. In 1975, the peak
concentration occurred in May with a secondary peak in July (Rossmann et al.
1977). In 1976, concentrations were similar to those of 1975.
The major differences between the years 1975 and 1976 were: 1) increased
concentrations of pennate diatoms and other algae in 1976; 2) decreased
concentrations of coccoid blue-green algae; 3) shifts in the months of peak
concentrations which varied by no more than one month, between the two years;
4) the obvious impact of an upwelling in July 1976; and 5) the relatively high
concentrations of coccoid blue-green algae during the early months of 1976.
High coccoid blue-green concentrations during these months may be the result
of deicing and/or recirculation of cooling water by the Donald C. Cook Nuclear
Plant. Elevated winter concentrations of coccoid blue-green algae should be
monitored closely in the future.
24
DESMIDS
MEANS AND STANDARD ERRORS
JAN FEB MflR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
1976
FIG. 9. Variation of desmid numbers during 1976.
25
o
o
•
o
o
CO
o
o
«
o
o
in
o
o
o
o
UJco
o
o
•
o
o
CM
O
o
o
o
OTHER RLGflE
MEANS AND STANDARD ERRORS
o
o
+
+
+
+
■+■
+
+
■+■
+
+■
+
4
JflN FEB MflR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
1976
FIG. 10. Variation of other algae numbers during 1976.
26
o
o
■
o
o
o
CO
o
o
•
o
o
in
o
o
•
o
o
o
CO
21°
\°.
V)0
LjS
CD
2:
.0
o
•
o
O
O
CO
O
O
•
o
o
in
TOTAL ALGAE
HERNS AND STANDARD ERRORS
o
o
+
4-
+
+
4-
+
4-
4-
4-
H
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
1976
FIG. 11. Variation of total algae numbers during 1976.
•27
Monthly Variations of Phytoplankton Community Structure
Community structure is discussed in terms of 1) relative proportion of
total algae that each major group comprises, 2) occurrences of dominant and
co-dominant forms, 3) number of forms occurring, 4) diversity, and 5) redundancy.
Relative Proportion of Total Algae that Each Major Group Comprises
During 1976, diatoms were dominant or co-dominant during each month
(Table 4). They were dominant January through Hay and July through December.
In June, they were co-dominant with the flagellates. This dominance by the
diatoms was quite different from what was observed in 1975 £Table 4). In 1975,
diatoms were dominant in February through June, co-dominant with blue-green and
green algae in July, and dominant again in November and December. In August,
flagellates were dominant. In September and October, blue-green algae were
dominant. Thus in 1976, the Lake Michigan phtoplankton community in the vicinity
of the Donald C. Cook Nuclear Plant was considerably different from that of 1975.
Occurrences of Dominant and Co-dominant Forms
Though large scale differences were not noted for the major groups,
changes in community composition between 1975 and 1976 are evident. Tables 5
through 16 contain the number of times a dominant or co-dominant form occurred
for each month of the years 1975 and 1976. During 1976, the number of dominant
or co-dominant occurrences of Anacystis incerta , Anacystis thermalis ,
Stephanodiscus tenuis , Cyclotella stelligera , Cyclotella comensis , Tabeliaria
fenestrata v. intermedia , Dictyosphaerium pulchellum , Chromulina parvula ,
and Gomphosphaeria lacustris decreased. In 1976, the number of dominant or
co-dominant occurrences of Stephanodiscus minutus, flagellates, Fragilaria
28
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TABLE 5.
1976.
Occurrence of dominant forms in January 1975 and
Form
Occurrences
1975 197*
Centric Diatom, unknown
Cyclotella stelligera
Fragilaria crotonensis
Gomphosphaeria aponina
Stephanodiscus minutus
Gomphosphaeria lacustris
Anacystis incerta
Cyclotella sp.
Gomphosphaeria aponina v. delicatula
o
2:
TABLE 6,
1976.
Occurrence of dominant forms in February 1975 and
Occurrences
1975 1976
Anacystis incerta
Stephanodiscus minutus
Coccochloris sp.
Flagellates
Centric diatom, unknown
Cyclotella sp.
Ochromonas sp.
Gomphosphaeria lacustris
Gomphosphaeria sp.
Cyclotella stelligera
Fragillaria crotonensis
Tabeliaria fenestrata v. intermedia
Fragilaria capucina
Fragilaria intermedia
Stephanodiscus sp.
u
6
1
8
1
1
1
2
1
1
4
4
7
1
1
3
30
TABLE 7. Occurrence of dominant forms in March 1975 and 1976,
Form
Occurrences
1975 1976
Anacystis incerta
Cyclotella stelligera
Flagellates
Gomphosphaeria lacustris
Cyclotella sp.
Asterionella formosa
Blue green, unknown cells
Tabellaria fenestrata v. intermedia
Centric diatom, unknown
Stephanodiscus sp.
Fragillaria crotonensis
5
4
6
1
9
2
3
3
1
1
9
6
3
1
TABLE 8.
1976.
Occurrence of dominant forms in April 1975 and
Form
Occurrences
1975 1976
Cyclotella stelligera
Flagellates
Fragilaria crotonensis
Gomphosphaeria lacustris
Stephanodiscus minutus
Stephanodiscus tenuis
Anacystis incerta
Asterionella formosa
Flagellates
Rhizosolenia gracilis
Green colony, unknown
Fragilaria intermedia v. fallax.
5
i
6
1
6
1
1
2
1
3
12
4
3
1
1
31
TABLE 9. Occurrence of dominant forms in May 1975 and 1976,
Occurrences
Form 1975 1976
Anacystis incerta
Fragilaria crotonensis
Tabellaria fenestrata v. intermedia
Flagellates
Ochromonas sp .
Centric diatom, unknown
Oscillatoria limnetica
Rhizosolenia gracilis
Cyclotella sp.
Asterionella formosa
Stephanodiscus subtilis
4
4
5
4
11
. 5
1
1
1
1
1
1
TABLE 10 • Occurrence of dominant forms in June 1975 and
1976,
Form
Occurrences
1975 1976
Flagellates
Tabellaria fenestrata v. intermedia
Fragilaria capucina
Stephanodiscus tenuis
Oscillatoria limnetica
Anacystis incerta
Gomphosphaeria lacustris
Fragilaria crotonensis
Chlorella sp.
Diatoma tenue v. eiongatum
Dinobryon bavaricum
Dinobryon divergens
32
9
11
10
1
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
5
9
TABLE 11. Occurrence of dominant forms in July 1975 and
1976.
Occurrences
Form 1975 1976
Anacystis incerta
Cyclotella sp.
Cyclotella stelligera
Dictyosphaerium pulchellum
Gloeocystis sp.
Merismopedia tennuissima
Gomphosphaeria lacustris
Flagellates
Green coccoid, unknown
Gloeocystis planctonica
Stephanodiscus sp.
Centric diatom, unknown
Fragilaria crotonensis
Sphaerocystis sp.
Stephanodiscus subtilis
2
2
9
.0
9
1
1
1
4
1
1
1
5
5
1
1
TABLE 12. Occurrence of dominant forms in August 1975 and
1976.
Occurrences
Form 1975 1976
Anacystis incerta
Chromulina parvula
Gomphosphaeria lacustris
Cyclotella stelligera
Gloeocystis sp.
Flagellates
Synura sp.
Fragilaria crotonensis
Gloeocystis planctonica
Chrysophycean flagellate sp.
33
8
3
9
3
2
4
5
4
3
5
1
n
11
u
1
TABLE 13. Occurrence of dominant forms in September 1975
and 1976.
Form
Occurrences
1975 1976
Anacystis incerta
Fragilaria crotonensis
Gomphosphaeria lacustris
Flagellates
Anacystis thermalis
Ochromonas sp .
Gloeocystis sp.
Sphaerocystis sp.
Chrysophycean flagellate sp.
2
8
5
6
1
4
2
5
1
1
TABLE 14. Occurrence of dominant forms in October 1975
and 1976.
Form
Anacystis incerta
Fragilaria crotonensis
Flagellates
Gomphosphaeria lacustris
Ochromonas sp.
Cyclotella comensis
Gloeocystis plane tonica
Chrysophycean flagellate sp,
Gloecystis sp .
Occurrences
1975 1976
10
5
1
2
8
9
6
2
3
2
1
2
1
34
TABLE 15. Occurrence of dominant forms in November 1975
and 1976.
Occurrences
1975 1976
Flagellates , ,78
Anacystis incerta 7 5
Chrysophycean flagellate sp. - 2
Fragilaria crotonensis 6 4
Agmenellum quadruplicatum 1
Gomphosphaeria lacustris 4
Centric diatom, unknown 2
Stephanodiscus sp. 1
Sphaerocystis schroeteri 1
Cyclotella comensis 10
Cyclotella sp . 7
Tabellaria fenestrata v. intermedia 1
Asterionella formosa 2
Gloeocystis sp. i
TABLE 16. Occurrence of dominant forms in December 1975
and 1976-
Occurrences
Form 1975 1976
Centric diatom, unknown
Cyclotella stelligera
Ochromonas sp.
Sphaerocystis schroeteri
Gomphosphaeria lacustris
Stephanodiscus minutus
Stephanodiscus sp.
Cyclotella comensis
Cyclotella sp.
Anacystis incerta
Fragilaria crotonensis
Flagellates
Fragilaria capucina v. lanceolata
Anabaena flos-aqaue
Gloeocystis planctonica
9
9
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
12
6
1
1
2
35
crotonensis , Asterionella formosa , Rhizosoienia gracilis , Dinobryon bavaricum ,
and Dinobryon divergens increased. On the whole in 1976, the dominant or co-dominant
occurrences of blue-green algae decreased from 80 in 1975 to 48, green algae
decreased from 26 in 1975 to 19, diatoms decreased slightly from 129 in 1975
to 104, Chrysophycean flagellates increased from 11 in 1975 to 24, and flagellates
incresed from 48 in 1975 to 68. These numbers do not indicate any trend with
regard to the trophic status of Lake Michigan in the vicinity of the Donald
C. Cook Nuclear Plant.
Combining the list of diatoms indicative of tropic conditions compiled
by Tarapchak and Stoermer (1976) with the results contained in Tables 5
through 16, a continuing eutrophication of Lake Michigan in this region is
indicated. The diatoms species used are Stephanodiscus minutus , Cyclotella
stelligera , Fragilaria crotonensis , Tabellaria f enestrata v. intermedia ,
Fragilaria capucina , Fragilaria intermedia , Asterionella f ormosa , Stephanodiscus
tenuis , Stephanodiscus subtilis , and Diatoma tenue v. elongatum . The compari-
son yields an increase in dominant or co-dominant occurrences of eutrophic
species from 6 in 1975 to 9 in 1976, an increase in occurrences of meso trophic
species tolerant of moderate nutrient enrichment from 55 in 1975 to 65 in
1976, and a decrease in occurrences of meso trophic species not tolerant of
nutrient enrichment from 31 in 1975 to 7 in 1976. Clearly this comparison
shows that the lake has become more eutrophic in 197 6 than 197 5. This change
is not limited strictly to the plant site but appears to be occurring in the
entire region of this section of Lake Michigan (Avers 1976).
36
Numbers of Forms, Diversity 3 and Redundancy
Diversity is calculated using the formula presented by Wilhm and Dorris
(1968):
_ s
d = -E (n ± /n) log 2 (n /n)
i-1
where S is the number of species, n is the total number of phytoplankton in
t*"h
cell/ml, n. is the number of phytoplankton of the i species. Diversity as
presented here is not the true diversity since not all forms encountered can
be identified to the species level. Therefore, this diversity must be viewed
with caution. However, it will be used to illustrate changes eeeuring
within the phytoplankton' population, form year to year. Number of
forms is self-explanatory and will be used to indicate changes which may occur
in the overall structure of the phytoplankton community. Redundancy is a
measure of the dominance of one or a few species within a given population.
As presented by Wilhm and Dorris (1968) it is:
d - d
r = max
d - d .
max mm
where d is the observed diversity as calculated above, d is the maximum
max
diversity for a particular community, and d . is the minimum possible diver-
mm
sity for a particular community. d is calculated using the following
J r J max
equation:
d = (l/n)(log n! - s log 9 [n/S]!)
and d . is calculated using the equation:
mm °
d . = (l/n)(iog„ n! -s log 9 [n-(S-l)]!)
mm l i
37
The possible values of r range between and 1. An r equal to implies that
all the species encountered in a cotumunity each have the same abundance of
cells. An r equal to 1 implies that one species dominates the community
of phytoplankton. Figures 12, 13, and 14 contain monthly means and associated
standard errors for each month for number of forms, diversity and redundancy.
Throughout 1976 the number of forms was consistently around 60 with the
exception of higher numbers in July and September (Table 17) . These increases
are attributed to upwelling events occurring before or during sampling. For
each month of 1976, the number of forms was greater than that of the same
month in 1975.
In 1976, diversity was high in July and September and low in August
(Table 18) . The high diversities in July and September most likely were a
result of the upwelling events. The very low diversity in August was
similar to that observed in August and September of 1975. For 1975 and 1976,
the diversities started somewhere around 4.5 and decreased throughout the year
to roughly 3.9 with the exception the anomolous highs and lows already
discussed. Except for the high diversities associated with upwelling, the
diversities for 1975 and 1976 were nearly the same.
Redundancy was quite consistent in 1976 with the exception of August,
November, and December (Table 19). During these months, it exceeded 0.3. In
July and September, it dropped below 0.23 due to upwelling which provided
nutrients and a considerably different phytoplankton community to the nearshore
region of Lake Michigan that was sampled. The remainder of the year it varied
from 2.1 to 2.3. Redundancies for 1975 and 1976 were quite similar and show
no long-term trends.
38
o
o
o
O
O
o
o
•
o
00
en
z:
az
o
°£
OC
LU
OQ
is
o
CO
o
o
«
o
LO
o
o
NUMBER OF FORMS
MEflNS AND STANDARD ERRORS
■+■
+
+
+
+
■+-
+
+
+■
+
H
JflN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
1976
FIG. 12. Variation of number of forms of phytoplankton during 1976.
39
DIVERSITY
CJ
O
o
LO
in
o
in
cnK3
o -•
o
o
MEflNS AND STflNDflRD ERRORS
in
r-
CO
o
IT)
CO
LO
CM
•
CO
■+■
■+■
4-
JflN FEB MflR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV OEC
1976
FIG. 13. Variation of phytoplankton diversity during 1976.
40
REDUNDANCY
MEANS AND STRNDflRD ERRORS
o
m
o
o
C_)o
CE
o
Qo
UJOJ
o
f
o
o
o
+
+
+
■+■
■i
JRN FEB MflR RPR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
1976
FIG. 14. Variation of phytoplankton redundancy during 1976.
41
TABLE 17.
and 1976.
Number of forms of phytoplankton for 1975
1975
1976
Standard
Standard
Month
N
Mean
Error
N
Mean
Error
January
—
—
—
11
59.4
2.79
February
9
51.1
1.90
12
57.3
1.64
March
9
51.7
1.89
12
59.3
1.59
April
9
48.3
1.38
12
56.1
1.43
May
9
47.4
1.78
12
60.3
2.84
June
12
49.2
1.77
12
65.8
1.77
July
12
51.6
0.892
12
87.8
3.78
August
12
44.5
2.32
12
53.4
3.31
September
10
44.1
3.12
12
84.8
4.30
October
12
54.9
2.18
12
58.8
2.77
November
12
50.3
2.11
12
57.2
1.74
December
11
50.3
1.74
12
56.5
1.81
TABLE 18. Diversity of phytoplankton for 1975 and
1976.
1975
1976
,
Standard
Standard
Month
N
Mean
Error
N
Mean
Error
January
—
—
—
11
4.29
.0547
February
9
4.35
.0473
12
4.47
.0591
March
9
4.30
.0544
12
4.34
.0633
April
9
4.21
.0569
12
4.30
.0446
May
9
3.76
.288
12
4.37
.112
June
12
4.17
.0809
12
4.67
.0616
July
12
3.93
.0654
12
5.08
.0380
August
12
3.58
.163
12
3.50
.114
September
10
3.36
.189
12
4.92
.0973
October
12
3.96
.133
12
4.48
.0823
November
12
4.02
.199
1 o
3.97
.0608
December
11
3.33
.0982
12
3.96
.0963
TABLE 19.
1976.
Redundancy
of phytoplankton
for 1975 and
1975
1976
Month
N
Mean
Standard
Error
N
Mean
Standard
Error
January
—
—
—
11
.270
.0114
February-
9
.230
.00916
12
.231
.0111
March
9
.243
.00781
12
.263
.0106
April
9
.246
.00879
12
.260
.00667
May
9
.327
.0540
12
.259
.0150
June
12
.258
.00973
12
.223
.0101
July
12
.310
.0114
12
.210
.00759
Augus t
12
.353
.0262
12
.393
.0172
September
10
.389
.0290
12
.227
.0127
October
12
.317
.0212
12
.232
.0141
November
12
.289
.0196
12
.322
.0106
December
11
.325
.0173
12
.322
.0175
43
Numbers and Biomass of Phytoplankton Passing Through the Plant
3 -1
With only unit one operating, the plant uses roughly 2700 in min
for once-through cooling. Using the means of total phytoplankton
densities as representative for each month, an estimate of the numbers
and weight of phytoplankton passing through the plant for each month can
be made (Table 20) . The weight of an individual phytoplankter has been given
-9
by Ayers and Seibel (1973) as 0.57 x 10 gm for inshore phytoplankton.
18 9
Thus 4.84 x 10 phytoplankton cells or 2.76 x 10 gm of phytoplankton were
18
entrained during 1976. These quantities were similar to 4.24 x 10
9
phytoplankton cells or 2.41 x 10 gm of phytoplankton entrained in 1975.
Note must be made that these calculations assumed the plant be operating
100% of the time. This is known not to be true. Since no figures of
approximate percentage of phytoplankton destroyed during condenser passage
are available because of little observed plant impact, no suppositions con-
cerning removal of numbers and weights of viable phytoplankton from the in-
shore regions near the plant will be made.
Chlorophylls and Phaeophytin a
Chlorophyll and phaeophytin a data have been used 1) to monitor monthly
changes in these variables with respect to observed phytoplankton densities,
2) to determine the change in these variables that would be detectable at
the .05 level of significance, 3) to measure short-term sampling variations,
4) to assess immediate impact of entrainment on phytoplankton viability, and
5) to assess impact of entrainment on phytoplankton hours after entrainment.
When phytoplankton pass through the plant, several possible alterations of
the population's viability may occur. Among these are killing or damage to
44
TABLE 20. Phytoplankton entrained by the plant during 1976.
Month
Numbers Entrained
Weight Entrained, gms
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
4.25 x 10
1.59 x 10
2.22 x 10
3.49 x 10
5.45 x 10
1.81 x 10
9.57 x 10
3.79 x 10
5.89 x 10
3.28 x 10
3.60 x 10
3.46 x 10
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
2.42
X
10
9.06
X
io y
1.27
X
io 8
1.99
X
io 8
3.11
X
io 8
1.03
X
io 8
5.45
X
io 8
2.16
X
io 8
3.36
X
io 8
1.87
X
io 8
2.05
X
io 8
1.97
X
io 8
TOTAL
4.84 x 10
18
2.76 x 10'
45
the organism during periods of chlorination, destruction or inhibition from
the mechanical and heat effects of passage, and stimulation o£ "productivity
due to increased temperatures.
Percentage of Change Detectable at the 0.05 Level of Significance
To establish the least change in each of the chlorophylls, phaeophytin a,
and the phaeophytin a to chlorophyll a ratio that is detectable with 95%
power by analysis of variance, the equation derived by Johnston (1974) from
an equation of Sokal and Rohlf (1969, p. 247) was used. It is
— (t r ,4- t n/ _ _ w .) where
n a[v] 2(1-P) [v]'
o = least detectable true difference
a = true error standard deviation
v = degrees of freedom of the error mean square
n = typical number of observations for each case
t = student's t
a - significance level
? = power (the desired probability that a difference will be found significant) .
For a = 0.05 and P = 0.95, o may be calculated. The calculated 6 T s for
chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, chlorophyll c, phaeophytin a, and the phaeophytin a
to chlorophyll a ratio based on 92 cases consisting of 3 observations each are
presented in Table 21. Compared to 1975, the 1976 6 for each variable was
less (Rossmann et al. 1977). The large changes necessary to detect an impact
on the phytoplankton have led us to modify our methodology (January 1, 1977).
Instead of sonif ication, the samples are now ground to break up the cells for
extraction into 90% acetone.
.46
TABLE 21. 6 (least detectable true difference) for
chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b 9 chlorophyll a, phaeophytin a,
and the phaeophytin a to chlorophyll a ratio. *•
o, True Error Standard
Variable
Mean
Deviation
5
Chlorophyll a
4.44
0.506
2.11
Chlorophyll b
0.0990
0.0209
0.430
Chlorophyll a
1.14
0.136
1.10
Phaeophytin a
0.984
0.426
1.94
Phaeophytin aj
0.240
0.0480
0.651
Chlorophyll a
0.95 probability that the differences will be signifi-
cantly different at the 0.05 level.
47
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Grinding Versus Bonification of Samples
Sonif ication was initially chosen as the technique to break up phyto-
plankton cells for extraction of the cell contents. A recent comparison be-
tween grinding and sonification for sample preparation suggests that this
was the wrong choice and that the samples should be ground using a tissue
grinder to break up the cells* Comparison of these sample preparation
alternatives was made in both September and November of 1976, In September,
three sets of samples were collected in triplicate. One set served as a control;
the sample was simply extracted into 10 ml of 09% acetone. The second set
was handled as normal; that is, sonification in 10 ml of 90% acetone for
45 seconds. The last set was ground for three minutes with a tissue grinder
in 10 ml of 90% acetone. Table 22 contains the results of this study. Using
a Student's t-test to compare the ground to sonified samples, significant dif-
ferences between the two preparation methods were found. Chlorophyll a and
chlorophyll a were higher in the ground sample set. This result was alarming
enough to warrant a second study.
Because of the apparent incomplete extraction of the chlorophylls from
samples prepared by sonification, a second set of 24 samples was collected in
November 1976 to further investigate the problem. These samples were divided into
six groups: 1) a control set of 6 samples with no preparation, 2) a set of 6 sam-
ples that was sonified for a period of 45 seconds in an ice bath, 3) another set
of 2 samples that was sonified in an ice bath for 45 seconds and shaken vigorously,
4) a fourth set of 3 samples that was sonified for three minutes in an ice bath,
5) a set of 5 samples that was ground for three minutes, and 6) a last set of 2
samples that was ground for three minutes in an ice bath. With the hope that
chlorophyll a and chlorophyll o concentrations similar to those for ground
49
samples could be obtained by either increasing the sonification time or by
vigorous shaking, three different groups were sonified. When the first group
was ground for three minutes, some of the samples warmed considerably. Because
some of the chlorophyll may have been destroyed due to this heating, a second
set was ground in an ice bath to prevent this problem. Table 23 contains the
results of this study.
At this time, no judgment can be made about the variability of chlorophyll
b extraction with sample handling technique because the phytoplankton possessing
this chlorophyll, green algae, were not abundant when these samples were col-
lected. The highest mean chlorophyll a concentrations were yielded by grind-
ing and by sonification with shaking. Grinding increased the extractability of
chlorophyll a. , The control and the sonified (45 sec.) gave the highest
phaeophytin a measured. Sonification with shaking and a longer sonification
time decreased the amount of phaeophytin a extracted. The lowest phaeophytin
a to chlorophyll a ratio was obtained from samples ground in an ice bath.
Using a Student's t-test to determine what significant differences exist
between our current technique of sonifying for 45 seconds versus our pro-
posed technique of grinding for 3 minutes, significant (0.01 level of signifi-
cance) differences between the two were found. Both chlorophyll a and chlorophyll
3 were extracted more completely using the grinding technique of sample prepara-
tion. Differences between these two sets of samples is believed to result
from incomplete destruction of diatom tests and release of cell contents
during sonification and from preferential extraction of cell contents from
dead or dying phytoplankton when the samples are sonified. Because of these
results, samples will be ground beginning in Januar37 1977. This is warranted
50
u
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51
because a greater and more consistent recovery of the chlorophylls and less
degradation of chlorophyll a to phaeophytin a will be obtained. This will
permit a more accurate assessment of phytoplankton viability. Additional
comparisons between sonified samples and samples* ground will be made
to more completely document this extraction problem.
Time Variation of Samples
Eighteen samples were collected in the intake forebay during a five-
minute time span to investigate whether or not significant natural variations
in phytoplankton viability occurred during sampling due to patchiness of the
phytoplankton. These were collected in July 1976. These samples were
arranged into six groups of three consecutive samples, yielding six cases.
Figures 15 through 19 summarize the variability of the six cases
representing the collection time span of five minutes. Standard error bars
are associated with each mean. For chlorophyll a, case 3 was lower than case
1. Chlorophyll b for case 1 was relatively low. Chlorophyll ° for case 3
was lower than that of case 5. Phaeophytin a and the phaeophytin a/chlorophyll a
ratio were lower for case 1 relative to cases 5 and 6. Therefore, within a
five-minute time period, it was possible to collect two groups of samples
that were different. This illustrates that heterogeneity can exist in samples
collected during our normal 15 to 30-minute collection period in the intake
and discharge forebays.
Assessment of Damage to Phytoplankton
Results of monthly sampling for chlorophyll analyses are found in
Tables 24 through 28. Those times when chlorophyll a was significantly
52
CHLOROPHYLL fl
MEANS AND STANDARD ERRORS
3
LU
J—
LUo
CO
O
H
CO
Z>
O
UJcJ
a.
CO
a:
cc
H°.
GROUP NUMBER
FIG. 15. Chlorophyll a concentrations measured in 6 groups of 3 consecutive
samples, formed from a set of 18 samples drawn in succession from the intake
forebay during a 5-minute period.
53
CHLOROPHYLL B
MEflNS AND STANDARD ERRORS
<r
LU
H-
Ixlo
=3-
O
M
CQ
ID
O
Q_
CO
2Z
CE
QC
M5
H
GROUP NUMBER
FIG. 16* Chlorophyll b concentrations measured in 6 groups of 3 consecu-
tive samples, formed from a set of 18 samples drawn in succession from
the intake forebay during a 5-minute period,
54
CHLOROPHYLL C
MEANS AND STANDARD ERRORS
oo _
LU<
<
o
H
m 4
o
a.
CO
TZ
<X
cr
CDS
MS
—J
GROUP NUMBER
FIG. 17. Chlorophyll c concentrations measured in 6 groups of 3 consecu-
tive samples, formed from a set of 18 samples drawn from the intake fore-
bay during a 5-minute period.
55
PHREOPHYTIN fl
MEANS AND STflNDflRO ERRORS
co_
GROUP NUMBER
FIG. 18. Phaeophytin a concentrations measured in 6 groups of 3 consecutive
samples, formed from a set of 18 samples drawn in succession from the intake
forebay during a 5-minute period.
56
PHflEOPHTTIN ft / CHLOROPHYLL A
MEflNS AND STRNORRD ERRORS
GROUP NUMBER
FIG. 19. Variation of the phaeophytin a to chlorophyll a ratio during a
5-minute sampling period for 6 groups of 3 consecutive samples, formed
from a set of 18 samples drawn in succession from the intake forebay.
57
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different at the 0.05 level of significance between intake and discharge
were: 1) 11 February 1976 at 1215 EST with hours incubation the intake
had lower concentrations than the discharge; 2) 9 August 1976 at 2145 EST
with hours incubation the intake had higher concentrations than the dis-
charge; 3) 9 August 1976 at 2145 EST with 36 hours incubation, the intake
had higher concentrations than the discharge; 4) 10 August 1976 at 0355 EST
with hours incubation, the intake had higher concentrations than the
discharge; 5) 10 August 1976 at 1205 EST with hours incubation, the intake
had higher concentrations than the discharge; and 6) 9 November 1976 at
1310 EST with hours incubation, the intake had lower concentrations than
the discharge. Differences between intake and discharge concentrations of
chlorophyll b occurred on the following days: 1) 8 November 1976 at 1900 EST
with hours incubation, the intake had lower concentrations than the dis-
charge; and 2) 15 December 1976 at 1920 f EST with hours incubation the
intake concentrations were lower than those of the discharge. Chlorophyll ?
concentrations at the intake were different from those at the discharge on
13 January 1976 at 1945 EST with 38 hours incubation, the intake had higher
concentrations than the discharge. Phaeophytin a differences between intake
and discharge concentrations (0.05 level of significance) were noted for the
following days: 1) 13 January 1976 at 1945 EST with 38 hours incubation,
the intake had a lower concentration than the discharge; 2) 14 January 1976
at 1245 EST with hours incubation the intake had a lower concentration than
the discharge; 3) 11 February 1976 at 1215 EST with hours incubation, the
intake had a higher concentration than the discharge; 4) 8 November 1976 at
1900 EST with 41 hours incubation, the intake had a lower concentration than
73-
the discharge; and 5) 9 November 1976 at 1310 EST with hours incubation,
the intake had a higher concentration than the discharge. For the ratio of
phaeophytin a to chlorophyll a the following significant differences (0.05
level of significance) were noted: 1) 13 January 1976 at 1945 EST with 38
hours incubation, the discharge ratio was greater than that of the intake;
2) 14 January 1976 at 1245 EST with hours incubation the discharge ratio
was largest; 3) 11 February 1976 at 1215 EST with hours incubation the
intake ratio was the largest; 4) 11 May 1976 at 1200 EST with hours incuba-
tion, the intake had a higher ratio than the discharge; 5) 10 August 1976
at 0355 EST with hours incubation, the intake had a lower ratio than the
discharge; 6) 8 November 1976 at 1900 EST with 41 hours incubation, the intake
had a lower ratio than the discharge; and 7) 9 November 1976 at 1310 EST
with hours incubation, the intake had a higher ratio than the discharge.
Thus for 21 of a possible 240 comparisons a significant difference between
intake and discharge was observed. Twelve of these showed inhibition of
the phytoplankton and nine enhancement of the phytoplankton. Five occurrences
were in January, three in February, one in May, five in August, six in
November, and one in December.
Relative to the intake, the decrease in chlorophyll c at the discharge
on 13 January at 1945 EST coincided with a decrease in the numbers of diatoms;
the increase in the phaeophytin a and the phaeophytin a/chlorophyll a ratio
on 13 January at 1945 EST at the discharge coincided with a small decrease
in total phytoplankton numbers, an increase in flagellates and a decrease in
diatoms; the increase in phaeophytin a and increase in the ratio coincided
with decreased concentrations of total phytoplankton, diatoms, and coccoid
blue-green algae. On 11 February at 1215 EST, a decrease in phaeophytin a
74 '
and the ratio and an increase in chlorophyll <* coincided with a decrease in the
number of diatoms and coccoid blue-green algae and an increase in coccoid green
algae and flagellates at the discharge relative to the intake. A decrease in
the phaeophytin a/chlorophyll a ratio at the discharge relative to the intake
on 11 May at 1200 EST was coincident with a decrease in the total number of
phytoplankton at the discharge. A decrease in chlorophyll a at the discharge
on 9 August at 2145 coincided with a similar decrease in total phytoplankton
numbers. On 10 August at 0355, decreases in chlorophyll a and an increase
in the ratio occurring between the intake and discharge coincided with
increases in total phytoplankton, diatoms, and coccoid green algae and
decreases in coccoid blue-green algae and flagellates. A decrease in chlorophyll
a between the intake and discharge on 10 August at 1205 EST coincided with
increases in total phytoplankton, diatoms, and coccoid green algae and
decreases in flagellate numbers. A decrease in phaeophytin a and the phaeo-
phytin a/chlorophyll a ratio and an increase in chlorophyll a on 9 November
at 1310 EST corresponded to increased numbers at the discharge of total phyto-
plankton primarily as diatoms and coccoid green algae. Increased numbers at
the discharge of total phytoplankton, diatoms, flagellates, coccoid green
algae, and coccoid blue-green algae corresponded to an increase in chlorophyll
b, phaeophytin a, and the ratio. On 15 December at 1920 an increase in
chlorophyll b at the discharge coincided with decreases of coccoid green algae,
flagellates, diatoms, coccoid blue-green algae, and total phytoplankton
numbers. The above discussion illustrates how apparent changes in viability
reflected by chlorophyll a and phaeophytin a measurements can be influenced
by n short-term ,! changes in the phytoplankton community being sampled. The
75 .
phytoplankton were so heterogenous that sampling of different populations
could account for all the significant changes in viability observed through
chlorophyll and phaeophytin a measurements. This variation was similar to
that found in the short-term variation discussed in the previous section.
There is no way to ascertain whether differences noted were a result of natural
community changes or plant impact on the phytoplankton. Therefore, the worst
possible case will be assumed; namely that the changes noted were all related
to operation of the Donald C. Cook Nuclear Plant. Using this assumption,
21 changes in chlorophyll a, phaeophytin a, and the phaeophytin al chlorophyll a
ratio occurred in 1976. With 240 comparisons being made, a possible measure-
able plant impact occurred a maximum of 8.75% of the time with 5% being
inhibition and 3.75% being enhancement of the phytoplankton. These results
were slightly higher than those "for 1975 which were 3.6% and 1.8% respectively.
This excludes periods of chlorination when some damage may possibly occur.
A discussion of chlorination impact will appear in the report on the 1977
data.
The results presented by us are somewhat similar to those reported by
others for thermal impact studies on the Great Lakes. For the Palisades
nuclear power plant, Benda, Gulvas and Neal (197 5) and Benda and Gulvas
(1976) reported 32.7% loss in primary productivity for heated discharge waters
and a 17.9% loss for a non-heated discharge. Thus approximately one-half
14
of the decrease in primary productivity measured using the C method was
due to mechanical stress. The Palisades plant is located 26 km north of
Benton Harbor, Michigan.
For the Zion nuclear plant located 5 km south of the Wisconsin-Illinois
76
o
o
CJ -r
O
O
♦
az
UJ
ujg
^ «
oo
GO
O
o
Q=°.
UJco
Q_
<T)
GC
CCo
o
o
o
o
CHLOROPHYLL fl
MEflNS AND STANDARD ERRORS
JAN FEB MAR APR HAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
1976
FIG. 20. Variation of chlorophyll a concentrations during 1976.
77
CHLOROPHYLL B
MEANS AND STRNOARO ERRORS
JAN FEB MAR APR MAT JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV
1976
FIG. 21. Variation of chlorophyll b concentrations during 1976.
OEC
78
CHLOROPHYLL C
O
o
CO
MEANS AND STRNDflRD ERRORS
o
m
UJ
lUg
O
I— «
00 .
Z>
o
o
az w ..
UJ-
w>
2: '
cc
00
o
IS)
o
o
+
+
+
+
+
+
JHN FEB MflR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP XT NOV
1976
FIG. 22. Variation of chlorophyll a concentrations during 1976.
DEC
79
PHflEOPHTTIN fl
MEflNS AND STflNDflRD ERRORS
JflN FEB MflR RPR MAY JUN JUL RUG SEP OCT NOV
1976
FIG. 23. Variation of phaeophytin a concentrations during 1976.
DEC
80
PHflEOPHTTIN fl/CHLOROPHYLL ft
MEflNS AND STANOARD ERRORS
JflN FEB MflR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
1976
FIG. 24. Variation of the phaeophytin a/chlorophyll a ratio during 1976.
81
state line, Yaguchi (1977) found growth rates of phytoplankton in the
plant . warm-water plume in Lake Michigan were greater than those at central
stations only during upwelling.
Wiersma et al. (1974) found little or no effect of heated discharge
water on primary productivity for phytoplankton populations impacted by a
fossil fuel power plant located at the confluence on the Fox River with Green
Bay.
Fenton et al. (1971) found that addition of heat to Lake Erie at Nine
Mile Point had no significant affect on primary production.
Beeton and Barker (1974) found that temperature increases of 2-7 °C
caused no changes in chlorophyll levels. However, entrainment was shown
to increase primary productivity as much as 64%.
Monthly Variation of the Chlorophylls and Phaeophytin a
Figures 20 through 24 illustrate the variation of chlorophyll a,
chlorophyll b, chlorophyll o, phaeophytin a, and the phaeophytin al chlorophyll a
ratio during 1976 at the intake forebay of the Donald C. Cook Nuclear Plant.
Chlorophylls a and e were high during January, April, May, July, and December.
Chlorophyll b was high during May, July, and September. Phaeophytin a
exhibited peaks in its concentration during May, July, and perhaps September.
The phaeophytin a/chlorophyll a ratio was highest in January and steadily
decreased through June. The ratio was erratic during July through September,
but it progressively decreased.
Peak concentrations of the chlorophylls and phaeophytin a during April
and May were associated with the normal spring phytoplankton bloom. Peaks
during January and December were representative of the normal winter phytoplankton
bloom. Peaks in July and September were a direct result of upwelling events
occurring during those months at or before the time of sample collection.
The 1976 results were somewhat similar to those of 1975. During 1975, the
spring bloom commenced in April and continued in June. In 1975, upwellings
were noted in September and October.
Variation of chlorophylls, phaeophytin a, and the phaeophytin a/
chlorophyll a ratio can be further interpreted in terms of nutrient supply.
Referring to Table 3, orthophosphate and dissolved silica concentrations were
high January through March. With the beginning of the spring bloom of
pennate diatoms (Figure 8) in April, orthophosphate decreased dramatically
and dissolved silica decreased. At the peak of the spring centric diatom
(Figure 7), filamentous blue-green algae (Figure 3), filamentous green
algae (Figure 5), flagellate (Figure 6), and total algae (Figure 11) blooms
in May, dissolved silica concentrations greatly decreased and continued to
decrease through June. May storms during sampling elevated orthophosphate
concentrations. Upwelling in July increased both orthophosphate and dissolved
silica concentrations resulting in high cocoid green algae (Figure 4), centric
diatom (Figure 7), pennate diatom (Figure 9), other algae (Figure 10), and
total phytoplankton (Figure 11) concentrations. These concentrations remained
relatively high through November due to upwellings in July, August, and Sept-
ember and due to storms in October and November which served to return the
lake to isothermal conditions. These high concentrations maintained peak
concentrations of coccoid blue-gree algae (Figure 2), coccoid green algae
(Figure 4), and other algae (Figure 10). In December commencement of the
winter bloom of pennate diatoms (Figure 8) lowered orthophosphate concen-
tration and continued the decrease in dissolved silica.
83
CONCLUSION
Phytoplankton entrained by the Donald C. Cook Nuclear Plant during
1976 exhibited expected responses to natural stimuli which may include
nutrient supply, mixing processes, temperature, and other factors. The winter
diatom bloom occurred in January when nutrients were plentiful. By February,
it ceased until April and May. During these months with relatively high
nutrient concentrations available and the onset of thermal stratification,
the spring diatom bloom occured, flagellates reached peak concentrations,
filamentous blue-green algae reached peak abundance, and filamentous green
algae began their late spring - early summer bloom. In June when dissolved
silica concentrations were low, diatom concentrations decreased and dilamentous
green algae continued their summer bloom. In July, an upwelling displaced
the existing water mass with one rich in nutrients and having a different
phytoplankton community. During this month, diatoms reached peak concentrations,
coccoid green algae and other algae began a summer bloom, and filamentous
green algae concentrations were on the wain. In August and September, con-
tinued storms and upwelling maintained relatively high nutrient concentrations.
During these months, pennate diatoms were relatively abundant, other algae
and coccoid green algae continued to be found at high concentrations, and
coccoid blue-green algae began their fall and early winter bloom. During
October through December with the return to isothermal conditions, nutrient
concentrations continued to be relatively high, coccoid green algae returned
to low concentrations, coccoid blue-green algae continued their bloom, and
pennate diatoms began their winter bloom. Of greatest importance was the high
concentration of blue-green algae in January. This could be related to plant
84
operation. However, additional data will be needed to confirm or deny this
observation.
Community structure changed between 1975 and 1976. The number of
dominant or co-dominant occurrences of mesotrophic species not tolerant of
nutrient enrichment decreased, of mesotrophic species tolerant of moderate
nutrient enrichment increased, and of eutrophic species increased. In 1976,
an increased number of forms was evident. All these changes appear to be
characteristic of this region of Lake Michigan.
18
During 1976, an estimated maximum of 4.84 x 10 plankton cells
9
equivalent to roughly 2.76 x 10 grams of phytoplankton were entrained by the
Donald C. Cook Nuclear Plant. Of these, a maximum of 8.75% may be measureably
impacted by the plant, with 5% being inhibited and 3.75% being enhanced.
These estimates exclude those impacted by chlorination.
85
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88
