How to Plan for
Workplace Emergencies
and Evacuations
U.S. Department of Labor
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
OSHA 3088
2001 (Revised)
Report Documentation Page
Report Date
Report Type
Dates Covered (from... to)
00002001
N/A
-
Title and Subtitle
How to Plan for Workplace Emergencies and
Evacuations
Author(s)
Performing Organization Name(s) and Address(es)
U.S. Department of Labor Occupational Safety & Health
Administration 200 Constitution Avenue Washington,
DC 20210
Sponsoring/Monitoring Agency Name(s) and
Address(es)
Distribution/Availability Statement
Approved for public release, distribution unlimited
Supplementary Notes
Abstract
Nobody expects an emergency or disaster especially one that affects them, their employees, and their
business personally. Yet the simple truth is that emergencies and disasters can strike anyone, anytime, and
anywhere. You and your employees could be forced to evacuate your company when you least expect it.
This booklet is designed to help you, the employer, plan for that possibility. The best way to protect
yourself, your workers, and your business is to expect the unexpected and develop a well-thought-out
emergency action plan to guide you when immediate action is necessary.
Subject Terms
Report Classification
unclassified
Classification of this page
unclassified
Classification of Abstract
unclassified
Limitation of Abstract
UU
Contract Number
Grant Number
Program Element Number
Project Number
Task Number
Work Unit Number
Performing Organization Report Number
OSHA 3088
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Sponsor/Monitor’s Report Number(s)
Number of Pages
25
This booklet provides a generic overview of a standards-
related topic. This publication does not alter or determine
compliance responsibilities, which are described in the
OSHA standards and the Occupational Safety and
Health Act. Because interpretations and enforcement
policy may change over time, the best sources for
additional guidance on OSHA compliance requirements
are current administrative interpretations and decisions
by the Occupational Safety and Health Review
Commission and the courts. This publication is in the
public domain and may be reproduced fully or partially
without permission. Source credit is requested but not
required.
OSHA will make this information available to sensory
impaired individuals upon request. Call (202) 693-1999.
How to Plan for
Workplace Emergencies
and Evacuations
U.S. Department of Labor
Elaine L. Chao, Secretary
John L. Henshaw, Assistant Secretary
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
OSHA 3088
2001 (Revised)
Contents
Page
Introduction.
W hat is a workplace emergency?.
How do you protect yourself, your employees, and your business?
W hat is an emergency action plan? .
W hat should your emergency action plan include?.
H ow do you alert employees to an emergency?.
H ow do you develop an evacuation policy and procedures?.
U nder what conditions should you call for an evacuation?.
W hat is the role of coordinators and evacuation wardens during an emerg
H ow do you establish evacuation routes and exits?.
H ow do you account for employees after an evacuation?.
H ow should you plan for rescue operations? .
W hat medical assistance should you provide during an emergency? ....
W hat role should employees play in your emergency action plan?.
W hat employee information should your plan include?.
W hat type of training do your employees need?.
H ow often do you need to train your employees? .
W hat does your plan need to include about hazardous substances? ...
W hat special equipment should you provide for emergencies?.
H ow do you choose appropriate respirators and other equipment?....
W ho should you coordinate with when drafting your emergency action
W hat are 0 SH A's requirements for emergencies?.
What other 0 SHA standards address emergency planning requirements?
W hat assistance does 0 SH A provide?.
W hat education and training does 0 SH A offer?.
W hat other publications does 0 SH A offer? .
W hat electronic services does 0 SH A provide?.
W hat free onsite consultation does 0 SH A provide?.
W hat are the Voluntary Protection Programs?.
W hat partnership opportunities does 0 SH A provide?
W hat is the value of a good safety and health program?
W hat is the role of state programs?.
W hat other groups or associations can help me?.
nc
plan?
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15
A ppendices:
1. O SH A Regional and A rea 0 ffice Directory
2. 0 SH A -A pproved Safety and H ealth Plans.
3. 0 SH A Consultation 0 ffices.
17
20
20
V
Introduction
What is a
workplace
emergency?
N obody expects an emergency or disaster - especially one that
affects them, their employees, and their business personally.
Yet the simple truth is that emergencies and disasters can strike
anyone, anytime, and anywhere. You and your employees could
be forced to evacuate your company when you least expect it.
This booklet is designed to help you, the employer, plan for that
possibility. The best way to protect yourself, your workers, and your
business is to expect the unexpected and develop a well-thought-
out emergency action plan to guide you when immediate action is
necessary.
A workplace emergency is an unforeseen situation that threatens
your employees, customers, or the public; disrupts or shuts
down your operations; or causes physical or environmental damage.
Emergencies may be natural or manmade and include the following:
■ Floods,
■ H urricanes,
■ Tornadoes,
■ Fires,
■ Toxic gas releases,
- Chemical spills,
■ Radiological accidents,
■ Explosions,
■ C ivil disturbances, and
■ W orkplace violence resulting in bodily harm and trauma.
How do you
protect yourself,
your employees,
and your
business?
What is an
emergency action
plan?
T he best way is to prepare to respond to an emergency before
it happens. Few people can think clearly and logically in a crisis,
so it is important to do so in advance, when you have time to be
thorough.
Brainstorm the worst-case scenarios. A sk yourself what you would
do if the worst happened. W hat if a fire broke out in your boiler
room? 0 r a hurricane hit your building head-on? 0 r a train carrying
hazardous waste derailed while passing your loading dock? 0 nee
you have identified potential emergencies, consider how they would
affect you and your workers and how you would respond.
A n emergency action plan covers designated actions employers
and employees must take to ensure employee safety from fire
and other emergencies. N ot all employers are required to establish
an emergency action plan. See the flowchart on page 11 to
determine if you are, Even if you are not specifically required to do
so, compiling an emergency action plan is a good way to protect
yourself, your employees, and your business during an emergency.
Putting together a comprehensive emergency action plan that deals
with all types of issues specific to your worksite is not difficult.
l
What should
your emergency
action plan
include?
You may find it beneficial to include your management team and
employees in the process. Explain your goal of protecting lives and
property in the event of an emergency, and ask for their help in
establishing and implementing your emergency action plan. Their
commitment and support are critical to the plan's success.
W hen developing your emergency action plan, it's a good idea
to look at a wide variety of potential emergencies that could
occur in your workplace. It should be tailored to your worksite and
include information about all potential sources of emergencies.
Developing an emergency action plan means you should do a hazard
assessment to determine what, if any, physical or chemical hazards in
your workplaces could cause an emergency. If you have more than
one worksite, each site should have an emergency action plan.
A t a minimum, your emergency action plan must include the
following:
■ A preferred method for reporting fires and other emergencies:
■ A n evacuation policy and procedure;
■ Emergency escape procedures and route assignments, such as floor
plans, workplace maps, and safe or refuge areas;
■ N ames, titles, departments, and telephone numbers of individuals
both within and outside your company to contact foradditional
information orexplanation of duties and responsibilities under the
emergency plan;
« Procedures for employees who remain to perform or shut down
critical plant operations, operate fire extinguishers, or perform
other essential services that cannot be shut down for every
emergency alarm before evacuating; and
■ Rescue and medical duties for any workers designated to perform
them.
You also may want to consider designating an assembly location
and procedures to account for all employees after an evacuation.
2
How do you
alert employees
to an
emergency?
How do you
develop an
evacuation policy
and procedures?
In addition, although they are not specifically required by 0 SH A,
you may find it helpful to include in your plan the following:
■ The site of an alternative communications center to be used in the
event of a fire or explosion; and
■ A secure on- or offsite location to store originals or duplicate
copies of accounting records, legal documents, your employees'
emergency contact lists, and other essential records.
Y our plan must Include a way to alert employees, including
disabled workers, to evacuate or take other action, and how to
report emergencies, as required. A mong the steps you must take
are the following:
- M ake sure alarms are distinctive and recognized by all employees
as a signal to evacuate the work area or perform actions identified
in your plan;
■ M ake available an emergency communications system such as a
public address system, portable radio unit, or other means to
notify employees of the emergency and to contact local law
enforcement, the fire department, and others; and
■ Stipulate that alarms must be able to be heard, seen, or otherwise
perceived by everyone in the workplace. You might want to
consider providing an auxiliary power supply in the event that
electricity is shut off. (2 9 CFfi 1910.165(b)(2) offers more
information on alarms.)
A Ithough it is not specifically required by 0 SH A, you also may
want to consider the following:
■ U sing tactile devices to alert employees who would not otherwise
be able to recognize an audible or visual alarm; and
■ Providing an updated list of key personnel such as the plant
manager or physician, in order of priority, to notify in the event of
an emergency during off-duty hours.
A disorganized evacuation can result in confusion, injury, and
property damage. That is why when developing your
emergency action plan it is important to determine the following:
- C onditions under which an evacuation would be necessary;
■ A clear chain of command and designation of the person in your
business authorized to order an evacuation or shutdown. You may
want to designate an "evacuation warden" to assist others in an
evacuation and to account for personnel;
■ Specific evacuation procedures, including routes and exits. Post
these procedures where they are easily accessible to all
employees;
■ Procedures for assisting people with disabilities or who do not
speak English;
■ Designation of what, if any, employees will continue or shut down
critical operations during an evacuation. These people must be
3
Under what
conditions
should you call
for an
evacuation?
What is the
role of
coordinators
and evacuation
wardens
during an
emergency?
capable of recognizing when to abandon the operation and
evacuate themselves; and
■ A system for accounting for personnel following an evacuation.
C onsider employees' transportation needs for community-wide
evacuations.
I n the event of an emergency, local emergency officials may order
you to evacuate your premises. In some cases, they may instruct
you to shut off the water, gas, and electricity. If you have access to
radio ortelevision, listen to newscasts to keep informed and follow
whatever official orders you receive.
In other cases, a designated
person within your business
should be responsible for making
the decision to evacuate or shut
down operations. Protecting the
health and safety of everyone in
the facility should be the first
priority. In the event of a fire, an
immediate evacuation to a
predetermined area away from
the facility is the best way to
protect employees. 0 n the other
hand, evacuating employees may
not be the best response to an
emergency such as a toxic gas
release at a facility across town
from your business.
The type of building you work in may be a factor in your decision.
M ost buildings are vulnerable to the effects of disasters such as
tornadoes, earthquakes, floods, or explosions. The extent of the
damage depends on the type of emergency and the building's
construction. M odern factories and office buildings, for example, are
framed in steel and are structurally more sound than neighborhood
business premises may be. In a disaster such as a major earthquake
or explosion, however, nearly every type of structure will be
affected. Some buildings will collapse and others will be left with
weakened floors and walls.
W hen drafting your emergency action plan, you may wish to
select a responsible individual to lead and coordinate your
emergency plan and evacuation, It is critical that employees know
who the coordinator is and understand that person has the authority
to make decisions during emergencies.
The coordinator should be responsible forthe following:
■ A ssessing the situation to determine whether an emergency exists
requiring activation of your emergency procedures;
■ Supervising all efforts in the area, including evacuating personnel;
4
How do you
establish
evacuation
routes and
exits?
How do you
account for
employees
after an
evacuation?
■ Coordinating outside emergency services, such as medical aid and
local fire departments, and ensuring that they are available and
notified when necessary; and
■ Directing the shutdown of plant operations when required.
You also may find it beneficial to coordinate the action plan with
other employers when several employers share the worksite,
although 0 SH A standards do not specifically require this.
In addition to a coordinator, you may want to designate evacuation
wardens to help move employees from danger to safe areas during
an emergency. G enerally, one warden for every 2 0 employees
should be adequate, and the appropriate number of wardens should
be available at all times during working hours.
Employees designated to assist in emergency evacuation procedures
should be trained in the complete workplace layout and various
alternative escape routes. A II employees and those designated to
assist in emergencies should be made aware of employees with
special needs who may require extra assistance, how to use the
buddy system, and hazardous areas to avoid during an emergency
evacuation.
W hen preparing your emergency action plan, designate primary
and secondary evacuation routes and exits. To the extent
possible under the conditions, ensure that evacuation routes and
emergency exits meet the following conditions:
■ C learly marked and well lit;
■ W ide enough to accommodate the number of evacuating
personnel;
■ U nobstructed and clear of debris at all times; and
■ U nlikely to expose evacuating personnel to additional hazards.
If you prepare drawings that show evacuation routes and exits, post
them prominently for all employees to see.
A ccounting for all employees following an evacuation is critical.
C onfusion in the assembly areas can lead to delays in rescuing
anyone trapped in the building, or unnecessary and dangerous
search-and-rescue operations. To ensure the fastest, most accurate
accountability of your employees, you may want to consider
including these steps in your emergency action plan:
■ Designate assembly areas where employees should gather after
evacuating;
- Take a head count after the evacuation, Identify the names and last
known locations of anyone not accounted for and pass them to the
official in charge;
- Establish a method for accounting for non-employees such as
suppliers and customers; and
5
How should you
plan for rescue
operations?
What medical
assistance
should you
provide during
an emergency?
What role
should
employees play
in your
emergency
action plan?
■ Establish procedures for further evacuation in case the incident
expands. This may consist of sending employees home by normal
means or providing them with transportation to an offsite location.
I t takes more than just willing hands to save lives. U ntrained
individuals may end anger themselves and those they are trying to
rescue. For this reason, it is generally wise to leave rescue work to
those who are trained, equipped, and certified to conduct rescues.
If you have operations that take place in permit-required confined
spaces, you may want your emergency action plan to include rescue
procedures that specifically address entry into each confined space.
(See also 0 SH A Publication 3138, Permit-Required Confined
Spaces, and the N ational Institute for 0 ccupational Safety and
H ealth (N10 SH) Publication 8 0-1 0 6, Criteria fora Recommended
Standard, ,, 1/1/ orking in C onfined Spaces.)
I f your company does not have a formal medical program, you may
want to investigate ways to provide medical and first-aid services.
If medical facilities are available near your worksite, you can make
arrangements for them to handle emergency cases. Provide your
employees with a written emergency medical procedure to minimize
confusion during an emergency.
If an infirmary, clinic, or hospital is not close to your workplace,
ensure that onsite person(s) have adequate training in first aid. The
A merican Red Cross, some insurance providers, local safety
councils, fire departments, or other resources may be able to
provide this training. Treatment of a serious injury should begin
within 3 to 4 minutes of the accident.
Consult with a physician to order appropriate first-aid supplies for
emergencies. M edical personnel must be accessible to provide
advice and consultation in resolving health problems that occur in the
workplace. Establish a relationship with a local ambulance service so
transportation is readily available for emergencies.
T he best emergency action plans include employees in the
planning process, specify what employees should do during an
emergency, and ensure that employees receive proper training for
emergencies. W hen you include your employees in your planning,
encourage them to offer suggestions about potential hazards, worst-
case scenarios, and proper emergency responses. A fteryou develop
the plan, review it with your employees to make sure everyone
knows what to do before, during and after an emergency.
Keep a copy of your emergency action plan in a convenient location
where employees can get to it, or provide all employees a copy. If
you have 10 or fewer employees, you may communicate your plan
orally.
6
What employee
information
should your plan
include?
I n the event of an emergency, it could be important to have ready
access to important personal information about your employees.
This includes their home telephone numbers, the names and
telephone numbers of their next of kin, and medical information.
What type of
training do your
employees
need?
E ducate your employees about the types of emergencies that may
occur and train them in the proper course of action. The size of
your workplace and workforce, processes used, materials handled,
and the availability of onsite or outside resources will determine your
training requirements. Be sure all your employees understand the
function and elements of your emergency action plan, including
types of potential emergencies, reporting procedures, alarm systems,
evacuation plans, and shutdown procedures. Discuss any special
hazards you may have onsite such as flammable materials, toxic
chemicals, radioactive sources, or water-reactive substances. C learly
communicate to your employees who will be in charge during an
emergency to minimize confusion.
G eneral training for your employees should address the following:
■ Individual roles and responsibilities:
■ Threats, hazards, and protective actions;
■ N otification, warning, and communications procedures;
■ M eans for locating family members in an emergency;
■ Emergency response procedures;
■ Evacuation, shelter, and accountability procedures;
■ Location and use of common emergency equipment; and
■ Emergency shutdown procedures.
You also may wish to train your employees in first-aid procedures,
including protection against bloodborne pathogens; respiratory
protection, including use of an escape-only respirator; and methods
for preventing unauthorized access to the site.
0 nee you have reviewed your emergency action plan with your
employees and everyone has had the proper training, it is a good
idea to hold practice drills as often as necessary to keep employees
prepared, Include outside resources such as fire and police
departments when possible. A fter each drill, gather management and
employees to evaluate the effectiveness of the drill. Identify the
strengths and weaknesses of your plan and work to improve it.
7
How often do
you need to
train your
employees?
What does your
plan need to
include about
hazardous
substances?
R eview your plan with all your employees and consider requiring
annual training in the plan. A Iso offer training when you do the
following:
■ Develop your initial plan;
■ H ire new employees;
- Introduce new equipment, materials, or processes into the
workplace that affect evacuation routes;
■ C hange the layout or design of the facility; and
■ Revise or update your emergency procedures.
N o matter what kind of business you run, you could potentially
face an emergency involving hazardous materials such as
flammable, explosive, toxic, noxious, corrosive, biological,
oxidizable, or radioactive substances.
The source of the hazardous substances could be external, such as a
local chemical plant that catches on fire or an oil truck that overturns
on a nearby freeway. The source may be within your physical plant.
Regardless of the source, these events could have a direct impact on
your employees and your
business and should be
addressed by your emergency
action plan.
If you use or store hazardous
substances at your worksite,
you face an increased risk of
an emergency involving
hazardous materials and should
address this possibility in your emergency action plan. 0 SH A's
H azard CommunicationStandard (29 CFR 1 9 1 0.1 2 0 0) requires
employers who use hazardous chemicals to inventory them, keep the
manufacturer-supplied M aterial Safety Data Sheets (M SDSs) for
them in a place accessible to workers, label containers of these
chemicals with their hazards, and train employees in ways to protect
themselves against those hazards. A good way to start is to
determine from your hazardous chemical inventory what hazardous
chemicals you use and to gather the M SDSs for the chemicals.
M SDSs describe the hazards that a chemical may present, list the
precautions to take when handling, storing, or using the substance,
and outline emergency and first-aid procedures.
For specific information on how to respond to emergencies involving
hazardous materials and hazardous waste operations, refer to 2 9
CFR, Part 1910.120(q) and 0 SH A Publication 3114,
H azardous Waste and Emergency Response 0 perations. Both are
available online at www.osha.gov.
8
What special
equipment
should you
provide for
emergencies?
How do you
choose
appropriate
respirators
and other
equipment?
Who should you
coordinate with
when drafting
your emergency
action plan?
Y our employees may need personal protective equipment to
evacuate during an emergency. Personal protective equipment
must be based on the potential hazards in the workplace. A ssess
your workplace to determine potential hazards and the appropriate
controls and protective equipment for those hazards. Personal
protective equipment may include items such as the following:
■ Safety glasses, goggles,
or face shields for eye
protection;
■ H ard hats and safety
shoes for head and
foot protection;
■ Proper respirators;
■ C hemical suits, gloves,
hoods, and boots for
body protection from
chemicals;
■ Special body protection for abnormal environmental conditions
such as extreme temperatures; and
■ A ny other special equipment or warning devices necessary for
hazards unique to your worksite.
C onsult with health and safety professionals before making any
purchases. Respirators selected should be appropriate to the
hazards in your workplace, meetO SHA standards criteria, and be
certified by the N ational Institute for 0 ccupational Safety and
H ealth.
Respiratory protection may be necessary if your employees must
pass through toxic atmospheres of dust, mists, gases, or vapors, or
through oxygen-deficient areas while evacuating. There are four
basic categories of respirators for use in different conditions. A II
respirators must be N10 SH -certified under the current 29 CFR
1910.134. See also 0 SH A's Small Entity Compliance 6 uide for
Respiratory Protection, 1 99 9, onlineatwww.osha.gov.
A lthough there is no specific 0 SH A requirement to do so,
you may find it useful to coordinate your efforts with any
other companies or employee groups in your building to ensure the
effectiveness of your plan, In addition, if you rely on assistance from
local emergency responders such as the fire department, local
H A ZM AT teams, or other outside responders, you may find it
useful to coordinate your emergency plans with these organizations.
This ensures that you are aware of the capabilities of these outside
responders and that they know what you expect of them.
9
What are OSHA's
requirements for
emergencies?
S ome of the key 0 SH A requirements for emergencies can be
found in the following sections of the agency's G eneral Industry
0 ccupational Safety and H ealth Standards(29 CFR 1910).
Subpart E - M eans of Egress
1910.37 M eans of egress
1910.38 Employee emergency plans and fire prevention plans
Appendix M eans of egress
Subpart H - H azardous M aterials
1910.119 Processsafety management of highly hazardous chemicals
1910.120 H azardous waste operations and emergency response
Subpart I - Personal Protective Equipment
1910.133 Eye and face protection
1910.134 Respiratory protection
1910.135 O ccupational head protection
1910.136 O ccupational foot protection
1910.138 H and protection
SubpartJ - G eneral Environmental Controls
1910.146 Permit-required confined spaces
1910.147 C ontrol of hazardous energy sources
Subpart K - M edical and First A id
1910.151 M edical services and first aid
Subpart L - Fire Protection
1910.155-15 6 Fire protection and fire brigades
1910.157 -163 Fire suppression equipment
1910.164 Fire detection systems
1910.165 Employee alarm systems
A ppendices A -E of Subpart L
Subpart R - Special Industries, Electrical PowerG eneration,
Transmission, and Distribution
10
Subpart Z - Toxic and H azardous Substances
1910.1030 Bloodborne pathogens
1910.1200 FI azard communication
What other
OSHA standards
address
emergency
planning
requirements?
I n addition to 2 9 CFR 1910.38 (a), several other 0 SH A
standards address emergency planning requirements. These include
the2 9 CFR 1910.120(q), H azardousWasteO perationsand
Emergency Response; 2 9 C FR 1910.15 6, Fire Brigades ; and 2 9
CFR 1910.146(k), Permit-Required Confined Spaces. The
OSHA Publication 312 2, Principal Emergency Response and
Preparedness Requirements in 0 SHA Standards and G uidance for
Safety and FI ealth Problems, provides a broad view of emergency
planning requirements across OSHA standards,
Standards That Refer to 1910.38(a) Emergency Action Plan (EAP)
and Additional Emergency Planning Procedures
Do you need
under 1910.
an EAP
38(a)?
f
Are you required
to comply with
1910.157
Portable Fire
Extinguishers?
I
Do you use a
fixed fire
suppression
system?
Are you required
to comply with
1910.119
Process Safety
Management for
Highly Hazardous
Chemicals?
If all of your
employees
evacuate
during afire
emergency...
If some
employees
fight fires,
but others
evacuate
during a fire
emergency...
f
If you have
a total
flooding
system
where the
extinguishing
agent's
concentrations
exceed levels
discussed in
1910.162(b)(5)
and (b)(6)...
Develop an EAP and
comply with 1910.157 (c),
(e), (f), (g)(3) and (g)(4).
1
If the
alarms or
devices
initiated by
fire detector
actuation are
delayed >30
seconds...
Are you required
to comply with
1910.1047
Ethylene Oxide,
1910.1050
Methylenedianiline,
or 1910.1051
1,3-Butadiene?
Develop an EAP and
include procedures for
handling small releases,
plus you may be subject
to 1910.120(a), (p) and (q).
z
Are you required
to comply with
1910.120
Hazardous Waste
Operations and
Emergency
Response
paragraphs (1),
(p)(8), or (q)?
Are you required
to comply with
1910.272
Grain Handling
Facilities?
If all
employees
evacuate
and
none
provide
emergency
response...
Develop an EAP and
address the delay in it.
Develop an EAP.
Develop an EAP.
Develop an EAP.
Develop an EAP.
Develop an EAP and a
Fire Prevention Plan under
1910.38(b), plus you may
have to comply with
1910.157(e) and (f).
11
What assistance
does OSHA
provide?
What education
and training
does OSHA
offer?
OSHA provides a wide range of references and services to help
employers and employees improve workplace health and safety and
comply with regulatory requirements. These include the following:
■ Education and training opportunities,
■ Publications,
■ Electronic services,
■ Free onsite consultation services, and
■ Participation in the Voluntary Protection Programs.
To file a complaint, report an emergency, or seek OSHA advice,
assistance, or products, call 1-8 0 0-3 2 1 0 SH A or your nearest
regional office, listed in A ppendix 1. The teletypewriter (TTY)
number is 1 -8 7 7 -8 8 9-5 6 2 7.
Information on these and other OSHA programs and services is
posted on the agency website at www.osha.gov.
0 SHA area offices offer a variety of information services including
publications, audiovisual aids, technical advice, and speakers for
special engagements.
In addition, 0 SH A'sTraining Institute in Des Plaines, IL, provides
basic and advanced courses in safety and health for federal and state
compliance officers, state
consultants, federal agency
employees, and private-sector
employers, employees, and their
representatives.
Due to the high demand for
OSHA Training Institute courses,
OSHA Training Institute
Education Centers also offer them
at sites throughout the U nited
States. These centers are nonprofit colleges, universities, and other
organizations selected through a competitive process.
OSHA also provides grants to nonprofit organizations to conduct
specialized workplace training and education not available from other
sources. G rants are awarded annually. Recipients contribute 2 0
percent of the total grant cost.
For more information on grants, training, and education, contact the
0 SH A Training Institute, 0 ffice of Training and Education by mail
at 1 5 5 5 Times Drive, Des Plaines IL 6 0 0 1 8; by phone at
(84 7) 2 9 7-48 1 0, o r by fax at (8 4 7 ) 2 9 7 -4 8 74.
12
What other
publications
does OSHA
offer?
What electronic
services does
OSHA provide?
0 SHA offers more than 100 documents, including brochures, fact
sheets, posters, pocket cards, flyers, technical documents, and a
quarterly magazine. These documents are available online at
www.osha.gov or by calling (202) 693-1888. A mong the titles
are the following:
- A ccess to M edical and Exposure Records - OSHA 3110
- A IIA boutO SHA - O SHA 2056
■ C hemical H azard C ommunication - OSHA 3084
- C onsultation Services for the Employer - OSHA 3047
■ C ontrolling Electrical H azard s - OSHA 3075
■ Employer Rights and Responsibilities Following an O SHA
Inspection - O SHA 3000
■ Employee 1/1/ orkp lace Rights - O SHA 302 1
■ H azard ous 1/1/ aste and Emergency Response - OSHA 3114
■ 1 ob H azard A nalysis - OSHA 3071
■ OSHA H and book for Small Business - OSHA 2 209
- Personal Protective Equipment - OSHA 3 077
- Respirator Protection - OSHA 3 07 9
O SH A standards, interpretations, directives, and additional
information are posted on the agency's website at www.osha.gov.
V isits to the site continue to increase, with nearly 1.4 million visitors
using the site each month for a total of 2 3 million hits.
A mong the popular Internet offerings are electronic tools to help
small businesses understand and comply with OSHA regulations and
promote safety and health in their workplaces. These e-Tools include
the Expert A dvisors, interactive software programs that help
businesses identify workplace hazards. By answering a few simple
questions on their computer screens, employers get reliable answers
on how OSHA regulations apply to their unique work sites.
A nother popular Internet product is eC A TS, 0 SH A's electronic
Compliance A ssistance Tools, which help businesses identify and
correct workplace hazards. A totally new generation of e-Tools
coming soon will combine both decision tree logic software and
graphics, giving users enhanced capabilities and the best of both
worlds.
In addition, a wide variety of 0 SH A materials including standards,
interpretations, directives, and more can be purchased on CD-RO M
from the G overnment Printing 0 ffice. To order, write to
Superintendent of Documents, U ,S. G overnment Printing 0 ffice,
W ashington, DC 2 0 4 0 2. Specify 0 SHA Regulations, Documents
and Technical Information on CD-RO M , (0 RDT), S/N 7 2 9 -
1 3 0 0 0 0 0 -5. The price is $45 per year ($ 5 7.5 0 overseas); single
copy $17 ($21.25 overseas).
13
What free onsite
consultation
services does
OSHA provide?
What are the
Voluntary
Protection
Programs?
T he 0 SH A C onsultation Service offers free onsite safety and
health consultation services to help employers establish and
maintain safe and healthful workplaces. The service is funded largely
by 0 SH A and is delivered by professional safety and health
consultants within state governments. Developed primarily for smaller
employers with more hazardous operations, the service includes an
appraisal of all mechanical systems, physical work practices,
environmental workplace hazards, and all aspects of the employer's
job safety and health program.
The onsite consultation program is separate from 0 SH A's
inspection efforts. No penalties are proposed or citations issued for
safety or health problems identified by an 0 SH A consultant. The
service is confidential. The employer's and firm's name, and any
information about the workplace, including any unsafe or unhealthful
working conditions the consultant identifies, are not reported
routinely to the OSHA inspection staff. The employer, however, is
obligated to correct any serious job safety and health hazards
identified in a timely manner, and commits to do so when
requesting the service.
For more information, see A ppendix 3 for a list of contact
telephone numbers.
T he Voluntary Protection Programs, orV PPs, recognize and
promote effective safety and health program management.
C ompanies in the V PP have strong safety and health programs,
implemented and managed cooperatively by their management and
laborforces in cooperation with OSHA. Sites approved forV PP's
three programs - Star, M erit, and Demonstration - meet and
maintain rigorous standards. Benefits to participants include the
following:
■ Lost-workday case rates generally 60 to 8 0 percent below
industry averages;
■ Reduced workers' compensation and other injury- and illness-
related costs;
■ Improved employee motivation to work safely, leading to better
quality and productivity;
■ Positive community recognition and interaction;
■ Further improvement and revitalization of already good safety and
health programs; and
■ Partnership with 0 SH A .
For more information, contact the V PP manager in your OSHA
regional office, visit 0 SH A's website, or see A ppendix 1 for a list
of telephone numbers,
14
What
partnership
opportunities
does OSHA
provide?
What is the value
of a good safety
and health
program?
What is the role
of state
programs?
What other
groups or
associations can
help me?
0 SH A has initiated partnerships with employers, employees, and
employee representatives in a wide range of industries to encourage,
assist, and recognize efforts to eliminate workplace hazards.
Participants work together to identify a common goal, develop plans
to achieve it, and implement those plans in a cooperative way.
Partnerships can transform relationships between OSHA and an
employer or entire industry. Former adversaries recognize that
working together to solve workplace safety and health problems is to
everyone's advantage.
For more information, contact your OSHA regional office. See
A ppendix 1 for a list of telephone numbers.
A good, effectively managed worker safety and health program
can be a big factor in reducing work-related injuries and
illnesses and their related costs. OSHA offers voluntary guidelines
to help employers and employees in workplaces it covers develop
effective safety and health programs. Safety and H ealth Program
M anagement G uidelines (Federal Registers 4 (1 8): 3 9 0 8 -3 9 1 6,
J anuary 2 6,1 9 8 9) identifies four general elements critical to a
successful safety and health management program. These are:
■ M anagement leadership and employee involvement;
■ A n analysis of worksite hazards;
- U se of hazard prevention and control initiatives; and
■ Safety and health training.
These guidelines are posted on the OSHA website at
www.osha-slc.gov/FedReg_osha_data/FED 1 9 8 9 0 1 2 6.html. See
also 0 SH A's Safety and H ealth M anagement Systems eC A T at
w w w. osha-slc. gov/S LT C /safetyhealthecat/ind ex. html.
T he 0 ccupational Safety and H ealth A ct of 1 9 70 encourages
states to develop and operate their own job safety and health
plans. States that do so must adopt standards and enforce
requirements that are at least as effective as federal requirements.
Twenty-four states and two territories have adopted their own plans,
three of which cover only public employees. For more information,
visit 0 SH A's website and see A ppendix 2 for a listing of states and
territories with approved plans.
V arious organizations can provide you with safety and health
information that may help you in formulating your emergency
action plan. A few are listed here.
Safety Data Sheets, G uides and M anuals
- A IH A Hygienic G uide Series. A merican Industrial H ygiene
A ssociation, 2 7 0 0 Prosperity A venue, Fairfax, V A 2 2 0 3 1.
• ANSI Standards, 111 Series, A cceptable Concentrations of
Toxic Dusts and G ases. A merican N ational Standards Institute,
11W est 4 2 nd Street, New York, NY 1 0 0 3 6.
15
■ A STM Standards and Related M aterial. A merican Society for
Testing and M aterials, 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, PA
19103.
Safety Standards and Specifications G roups
■ A merican N ational Standards Institute, 11 West42 nd Street,
N ew York, N Y 1 0 0 3 6. C oordinates and administers the federal
voluntary standardization system in the U nited States.
- A merican Society for Testing and M aterials, 1916 Race Street,
Philadelphia, PA 19103. The world's largest source of voluntary
consensus standards for materials, products, systems, and services.
Fire Protection 0 rganizations
■ Factory Insurance A ssociation, 85 W oodland Street, H artford,
CT 0 6 1 0 5. Composed of capital stock insurance companies that
provide engineering, inspection, and loss-adjustment services.
■ Factory M utual System, 1151 Boston-Providence Turnpike,
N orwood, M A 0 2 0 6 2. A n industrial fire protection,
engineering, and inspection bureau established by mutual fire
insurance companies.
■ N ational Fire Protection A ssociation, 4 7 0 Batterymarch Park,
Q uincy, M A 0 2 2 6 9. A clearinghouse for information on fire
protection and prevention as well as N FPA standards.
■ U nderwriterLaboratories, Inc., 2 0 7 East O hio Street, Chicago,
IL 6 0 6 1 1. A nonprofit organization that publishes annual lists of
manufacturers that provide products meeting appropriate standards.
Appendices
A ppendixl
0 SH A Regional and A rea 0 ffice Directory
0 SH A Regional 0 ffices
REG 10 N I
(CT,* M E, M A , N H, Rl, VT*)
j FK Federal Building, Room E340
Boston, M A 0 2 2 0 3
(6 1 7 ) 5 6 5 -9 8 6 0
REG 10 N II
(N J ,* PR,* VI*)
2 01 VarickStreet, Room67 0
N ew York, N Y 10014
( 2 1 2 ) 3 3 7 -2 3 7 8
REG 10 N III
(DE, DC, M D,* PA ,* VA ,* W V)
The Curtis Center
170 S. Independence M all W est
Suite 7 4 0 West
Philadelphia, PA 1 9 1 0 6-3 3 0 9
(2 1 5 ) 8 6 1 -4 9 0 0
REG 10 N IV
(A L, FL, G A , KY,* M S, N C,* SC,* TN *)
A tlanta Federal C enter
61 Forsyth Street, SW, Room 6T5 0
A tlanta, G A 3 0 3 0 3
(4 04 ) 5 6 2 -2 3 0 0
REG 10 N V
(IL, IN ,* M I,* M N ,* 0 H , W I)
2 3 0 South Dearborn Street, Room 3 2 44
Chicago, IL 6 0 6 04
( 3 1 2 ) 3 5 3 -2 2 2 0
REG 10 N VI
(A R, LA , N M ,* 0 K, TX)
5 2 5 G riffin Street, Room 60 2
Dallas, TX 7 5 2 0 2
(2 1 4 ) 7 6 7 -4 7 3 1 or 4 7 3 6 x2 2 4
REG 10 N VII
(IA ,* KS, M 0 , N E)
City Center Square
110 0 M ain Street, Suite 80 0
Kansas City, MO 64105
(8 1 6 ) 4 2 6 -5 8 6 1
REG 10 N VIII
(CO , M T, N D, SD, UT,* W Y*)
1 9 9 9 Broadway, Suite 1690
Denver, CO 8 0 2 0 2 -5 7 1 6
(3 0 3 ) 844 -1 6 0 0
17
REG 10 N IX
(A merican Samoa, AZ,* CA,* HI, N V*)
71 Stevenson Street, Room420
San Francisco, CA 94105
(4 1 5 ) 9 7 5 -4 3 1 0
REG 10 N X
(A K,* ID, 0 R,* W A *)
1111 Third A venue, Suite 715
Seattle, WA 9 8 1 0 1 -3 2 1 2
( 2 0 6 ) 5 5 3 -5 9 3 0
* These states and territories operate their own 0 SH A -approved job
safety and health programs (C onnecticut, N ew j ersey, and N ew York
plans cover public employees only). States with approved programs
must have a standard that is identical to, or at least as effective as, the
federal standard.
0 SH A A rea 0 ffices
Birmingham, A L.
M obile, A L.
A nchorage, A K.
Phoenix, A Z.
Little Rock, A R.
San Diego, CA.
Sacramento, C A .
Denver, CO .
Englewood, CO .
Bridgeport, CT.
H artford, CT.
W ilmington, DE.
Fort Lauderdale, FL.
j acksonville, FL.
Tampa, FL.
Savannah, G A.
Smyrna, G A .
Tucker, G A .
Boise, ID .
Calumet City, IL.
Des Plaines, IL.
Fairview H eights, IL.
N orth A urora, IL.
Peoria, IL.
Indianapolis, IN .
DesM oines, IA .
W ichita, KS.
Frankfort, KY.
Baton Rouge, LA.
Bangor, M E.
Portland, M E.
A ugust, M E.
Linthicum, M D.
.(2 0 5 ) 7 3 1 -1 5 3 4
. (3 3 4) 44 1 -6 1 3 1
. ( 9 0 7 ) 2 7 1 -5 1 5 2
.(60 2 ) 640-2 348
.(5 0 1 ) 3 24-62 9 1(5 8 1 8)
.(6 1 9) 5 5 7-5 909
.(9 1 6) 5 66-7 47 1
.(3 0 3 ) 844-5 2 85
.(3 0 3 ) 843-4 5 0 0
.( 2 0 3 ) 5 7 9-5 5 8 1
.(86 0) 2 40-3 1 5 2
.( 3 0 2 ) 5 7 3 -6 5 1 8
.(95 4) 4 24-0 24 2
.(904) 2 3 2-2 89 5
. (8 1 3 ) 6 2 6-1 1 7 7
.(9 1 2 ) 6 5 2-4 3 9 3
.(7 7 0) 9 84-8 7 0 0
. (7 7 0) 49 3-6644/67 42
.(2 0 8) 3 2 1 -2 96 0
.(7 0 8) 8 9 1 -3 80 0
.(84 7 ) 8 03 -4 80 0
. (6 1 8) 6 3 2 -8 6 1 2
.(63 0) 8 96-8 7 0 0
.(3 0 9) 6 7 1 -7 03 3
. ( 3 1 7 ) 2 2 6 -7 2 9 0
. (5 1 5 ) 2 84-4 7 94
.(3 1 6) 2 69-6 644
.( 5 0 2 ) 2 2 7 -7 0 2 4
.(2 2 5 ) 3 89-04 74/04 3 1
.(2 0 7 ) 94 1 -8 1 7 7
.( 2 0 7 ) 7 8 0 -3 1 7 8
.(2 0 7 ) 6 2 2 -84 1 7
.(4 1 0) 8 65-2 0 5 5/2 0 5 6
Braintree, M A .
(6 1 7) 5 65 -6 92 4
M ethuen, M A.
(6 1 7) 5 65 -8 1 1 0
Springfield, M A .
(4 1 3) 7 85 -0 1 2 3
Lansing, M 1.
(5 1 7 ) 3 2 7 -0 9 0 4
M inneapolis, M N .
(6 1 2) 6 64-5 46 0
J ackson, MS.
(6 0 1) 9 65 -4 60 6
Kansas C ity, M 0 .
(8 1 6) 4 83 -9 5 3 1
St. Louis, MO .
(3 14) 4 2 5 -4 2 8 9
Billings, M T.
(4 06) 2 47 -7 494
Raleigh, N C.
(9 1 9) 8 5 6 -4 7 7 0
0 maha, N E.
(4 02) 2 2 1 -3 1 8 2
Carson City, N V.
(7 7 5) 8 85 -6 96 3
Concord, N H .
(6 03) 2 2 5 -1 62 9
A venel, N j .
(7 3 2 ) 7 5 0 -3 2 7 0
H asbrouck H eights, N J .
(2 0 1) 2 88-1 7 0 0
M arlton, N j .
(6 09) 7 5 7 -5 1 8 1
Parsippany, N j .
(9 7 3) 2 63 -1 00 3
A Ibuquerque, N M .
(5 05) 2 48 -5 3 0 2
A Ibany, NY.
(5 1 8) 4 64-4 3 3 8
Bayside, NY.
(7 1 8) 2 7 9-9 06 0
Bow mansville, NY.
(7 1 6) 6 84-3 89 1
N orth Syracuse, NY.
(3 1 5) 4 5 1 -0 80 8
Tarrytown, NY .
(9 14) 5 24-7 5 1 0
W estbury, NY.
(5 1 6) 3 34-3 344
Bismark, N D.
(7 0 1) 2 5 0 -4 5 2 1
Cincinnati,OH .
(513) 841-4132
Cleveland,OH .
( 2 1 6 ) 5 2 2 -3 8 1 8
Columbus,OH .
(6 14) 4 69-5 5 8 2
Toledo, 0 H .
(4 1 9) 2 5 9-7 54 2
0 klahoma C ity, OK.
(4 0 5 ) 2 3 1 -5 3 5 1 /5 3 8 9
Portland, 0 R.
( 5 0 3 ) 3 2 6 -2 2 5 1
A llentown, PA .
(6 1 0) 7 7 6-05 9 2
Erie, PA .
(8 14) 8 3 3 -5 7 5 8
H arrisburg, PA.
( 7 1 7 ) 7 8 2 -3 9 0 2
Philadelphia, PA .
(2 1 5) 5 97 -495 5
Pittsburgh, PA .
(4 1 2) 3 95 -490 3
Wilkes-Barre, PA.
(5 7 0) 8 2 6 -6 5 3 8
G uaynabo, PR.
(7 8 7 ) 2 7 7 -1 5 6 0
Providence, Rl.
(4 0 1) 5 2 8 -466 9
Columbia, SC.
(8 03) 7 65 -5 904
N ashville, TN.
(6 1 5) 7 8 1 -542 3
A ustin, TX.
(5 1 2 ) 9 1 6 -5 7 8 3/5 7 8 8
CorpusChristi, TX.
(5 1 2) 888-342 0
Dallas, TX.
(2 14) 3 2 0-2 40 0/2 5 5 8
El Paso, TX.
(9 1 5) 5 34-62 5 1
Fort W orth, TX .
(8 1 7) 42 8 -247 0
(48 5 -7 64 7 )
H ouston, TX.
(2 8 1) 5 9 1 -2 43 8/2 7 87
H ouston, TX.
(2 8 1) 2 86-0 5 8 3/0 5 84
Lubbock, TX.
(8 06) 4 7 2 -7 68 1/7 685
Salt Lake C ity, UT.
(8 0 1) 5 3 0-690 1
19
N orfolk, VA .
(7 5 7) 44 1 -3 8 2 0
Bellevue, W A .
(2 0 6 ) 5 5 3 -7 5 2 0
C harleston, W V .
(3 04) 34 7-5 9 3 7
A ppleton, W 1.
(9 2 0) 7 3 4-45 2 1
EauClaire, W 1.
( 7 1 5 ) 8 3 2 -9 0 1 9
M adison, W 1.
(6 08) 2 64-5 3 88
M ilwaukee, W 1.
(4 14 ) 2 9 7-3 3 1 5
A ppendix 2
0 SH A -A pproved Safety and H ealth Plans
j uneau, A K.
Phoenix, A Z.
San Francisco, C A .
W ethersfield, CT.
H onolulu, HI.
Indianapolis, ID.
Des M oines, IA .
Indianapolis, IN .
Frankfort, KY.
Baltimore, M D.
Lansing, M I.
St. Paul, M N .
Raleigh, N C.
Trenton, N j .
Santa Fe, N M .
C arson C ity, N V.
A Ibany, NY.
Salem, OR.
H ato Rey, PR.
Columbia, SC.
N ashville, TN.
Salt Lake City, UT.
Richmond, VA.
Christiansted, St. Croix, VI
M ontpelierVT.
0 lympia, W A.
C heyenne, W Y.
... (9 07) 46 5-2 7 00
... (6 02) 54 2-5 7 95
... (4 1 5) 7 0 3-5 0 5 0
... (8 60) 5 6 6-5 1 2 3
... (8 08) 5 8 6-8844
... ( 3 1 7 ) 2 3 2 -2 3 7 8
... (5 1 5) 2 8 1-3447
... ( 3 1 7 ) 2 3 2 -3 3 2 5
... (5 02) 5 64-3 0 7 0
... (4 1 0) 7 6 7-2 2 1 5
... ( 5 1 7 ) 3 7 3 -7 2 3 0
... (6 5 1) 2 9 6-2 3 42
... (9 1 9) 80 7 -2 9 00
... (6 09) 2 9 2 -2 9 7 5
... ( 5 0 5 ) 8 2 7 -2 8 5 0
... ( 7 7 5 ) 6 8 7 -3 0 3 2
... (5 1 8) 4 5 7-2 74 1
... (5 0 3 ) 3 7 8-3 2 7 2
... ( 7 8 7 ) 7 5 4-2 1 1 9
... (8 03) 89 6-43 00
... (6 1 5) 74 1-2 5 82
... (8 0 1) 5 3 0-69 0 1
... (8 04) 7 8 6-2 3 7 7
... (3 40) 7 7 3 -1 9 90
... (8 02) 82 8-2 2 88
... (3 60) 90 2-42 00
(3 60) 90 2-54 3 0
... ( 3 0 7 ) 7 7 7 -7 7 8 6
A ppendix 3
Q SH A Consultation Q ffices
A nchorage, A K.
Tuscaloosa, A L .
Little Rock, A R.
Phoenix, A Z ....
Sacramento, C A
Fort C ollins, C O
W ethersfield, CT
W ashington, DC
W ilmington, DE.
(9 0 7 ) 2 6 9 -4 9 5 7
(2 0 5 ) 3 4 8 -3 0 3 3
(5 0 1 ) 6 8 2 -4 5 2 2
(6 0 2 ) 5 4 2 -1 6 9 5
(9 1 6 ) 5 7 4 -2 5 5 5
(9 7 0 ) 4 9 1 -6 1 5 1
(8 6 0 ) 5 6 6 -4 5 5 0
(2 0 2 ) 5 4 1 -3 7 2 7
( 3 0 2 ) 7 6 1 -8 2 1 9
Tampa, FL.
A tlanta, G A ....
Tiyam, G U.
H onolulu, HI....
Des M oines, IA
Boise, ID.
Chicago, IL.
Indianapolis, IN
Topeka, KS.
Baton Rouge, LA.
W est N ewton, M A .
Laurel, M D.
A ugusta, M E.
Lansing, M I.
Saint Paul, M N .
j efferson C ity, M 0 .
j ackson, M S.
H elena, M T.
Raleigh, N C.
Bismarck, N D.
Lincoln, N E.
Concord, N H.
Trenton, N j .
Santa Fe, N M .
A Ibany, N Y.
H enderson, N V .
Columbus, OH .
0 klahoma C ity, 0 K.
Salem, 0 R.
Indiana, PA .
H ato Rey, PR.
Providence, Rl.
Columbia, SC.
Brookings, SD.
N ashville, TN .
A ustin, TX.
Salt Lake City, UT.
M ontepilier, VT.
Richmond, V A .
C hristiansted St. C roix, VI
0 lympia, W A .
M adison, W I.
W aukesha, W I.
C harleston, W V .
Cheyenne, W Y.
... (8 1 3 ) 9 7 4-9 9 6 2
... (4 0 4 ) 8 9 4-2 64 3
... 9 -1 -(6 7 1 ) 4 7 5 -1 1 0 1
... (8 0 8 ) 5 8 6-9 1 0 0
... ( 5 1 5 ) 2 8 1 -7 6 2 9
... (2 0 8 ) 4 2 6-3 2 8 3
... (3 1 2 ) 8 1 4-2 3 3 7
... ( 3 1 7 ) 2 3 2 -2 6 8 8
... (7 8 5 ) 2 9 6-7 4 7 6
... (5 0 2 ) 5 6 4-6 8 9 5
... (2 2 5 ) 3 4 2 -9 6 0 1
... ( 6 1 7 ) 7 2 7 -3 9 8 2
... (4 1 0 ) 8 8 0-4 9 7 0
... (2 0 7 ) 6 2 4-6 4 6 0
... ( 5 1 7 ) 3 2 2 -1 8 0 9
... ( 6 5 1 ) 2 9 7 -2 3 9 3
... (5 7 3 ) 7 5 1 -3 4 0 3
... (6 0 1 ) 9 8 7 -3 9 8 1
... (40 6 ) 444-64 1 8
... (9 1 9 ) 8 0 7 -2 9 0 5
... ( 7 0 1 ) 3 2 8 -5 1 8 8
... (4 0 2 ) 4 7 1 -4 7 1 7
... (6 0 3 ) 2 7 1 -2 0 2 4
... (6 0 9 ) 2 9 2 -3 9 2 3
... ( 5 0 5 ) 8 2 7 -4 2 3 0
... ( 5 1 8 ) 4 5 7 -2 2 3 8
... (7 0 2 ) 4 8 6-9 1 4 0
... (6 1 4 ) 64 4-2 6 3 1
... (4 0 5 ) 5 2 8-1 5 0 0
... ( 5 0 3 ) 3 7 8 -3 2 7 2
... ( 7 2 4 ) 3 5 7 -2 3 9 6
... ( 7 8 7 ) 7 5 4 -2 1 7 1
... (4 0 1 ) 2 2 2 -2 4 3 8
... (8 0 3 ) 7 3 4-9 6 1 4
... (6 0 5 ) 6 8 8-4 1 0 1
... (6 1 5 ) 7 4 1 -7 0 3 6
... (5 1 2 ) 8 0 4-4 64 0
... (8 0 1 ) 5 3 0-6 9 0 1
... (8 0 2 ) 8 2 8-2 7 6 5
... (8 04 ) 7 8 6-6 3 5 9
... ( 8 0 9 ) 7 7 2 -1 3 1 5
... (3 6 0 ) 9 0 2 -5 6 3 8
... (6 0 8 ) 2 6 6-9 3 8 3
... ( 2 6 2 ) 5 2 3 -3 0 4 4
... ( 3 04 ) 5 5 8-7 8 9 0
... ( 3 0 7 ) 7 7 7 -7 7 8 6
21
